86 Famous Surrealist Художники Who Shaped the Movement

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Ремедіос Варо 1908–1963

Іспано-мексиканка Born in Анґлес Пара-сюрреалізм Wikipedia in 19/32 languages

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Леонора Керрінгтон 1917–2011

Британсько-мексиканка Born in Клейтон-ле-Вудс Сюрреалізм Wikipedia in 22/32 languages

Arca de Noé (1967), живий опис Ноєвого ковчега, переповненого фантастичними істотами, є чудовим прикладом її дослідження тем творення та відродження.

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Ів Тангі 1900–1955

Born in VIII округ Парижа Wikipedia in 26/32 languages

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Доротея Таннінг 1910–2012

Американка Born in Гейлсбург Сюрреалізм Wikipedia in 20/32 languages

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Леонор Фіні 1907–1996

Аргентино-італійка Born in Буенос-Айрес Сюрреалізм Wikipedia in 16/32 languages

In 1949, she conceived and designed Le rêve de Leonor (“Leonor’s Dream”), a ballet choreographed by Frederick Ashton with music by Benjamin Britten—a remarkable demonstration of her ability to translate her artistic vision into another medium. Her collaborations with Elsa Schiaparelli, designing the iconic bottle for the perfume “Shocking,” showcased her flair for design and her understanding of visual communication. Leonor Fini’s legacy extends far beyond her impressive body of work; she is increasingly recognized as a significant figure in the feminist movement due to her bold depictions of empowered women who defied traditional gender roles.

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Андре Массон 1896–1987

Француз Born in Баланьї-сюр-Терен ['Сюрреалізм', 'Кубізм'] Wikipedia in 21/32 languages

André Masson – це художник, який назавжди змінив мистецький ландшафт 20-го століття. Його новаторські техніки, дослідження підсвідомості та відмова від традиційних канонів зробили його однією з найважливіших постатей сюрреалізму та абстрактного експресіонізму. Його творчість продовжує надихати художників у всьому світі, а його роботи залишаються символом свободи самовираження та безмежного потенціалу людської душі.

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Мерет Оппенгайм 1913–1985

Швейцарсько-німецька Born in Берлін Сюрреалізм Wikipedia in 18/32 languages

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Віфредо Лам 1902–1982

Кубинський Born in Сагуа-ла-Гранде Супрематизм, Кубізм Wikipedia in 16/32 languages

La Jungla (1942–43): Монументальная картина маслом, отражающая культуру Кубы и вдохновленная Сантерией и африканскими традициями.

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Віктор Браунер 1903–1966

Румунсько-французька Born in П'ятра-Нямц Сюрреалізм Wikipedia in 14/32 languages

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Роберто Матта 1911–2002

Чилійська Born in Сантьяго ['Сюрреалізм', 'Абстрактний експресіонізм'] Wikipedia in 15/32 languages

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Фелікс Нуссбаум 1904–1944

Німецько-єврейський Born in Оснабрюк Сучасний об'єктний стиль / Surrealizm Wikipedia in 17/32 languages

Born in Osnabrück, Germany, in 1904, his life unfolded against the backdrop of rising nationalism and escalating persecution, culminating in the horrors of the Holocaust. Nussbaum’s paintings offer a rare, unflinching glimpse into the psychological landscape of displacement, fear, and ultimately, annihilation – a perspective often absent from broader historical narratives. Nussbaum’s artistic journey began with formal studies in Hamburg and Berlin in 1920, continuing for as long as circumstances allowed.

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Джозеф Корнелл 1903–1972

Американський Born in Наяк Збірки, сюрреалізм Wikipedia in 14/32 languages

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Ернст Фукс 1930–2015

Австрієць Born in Відень Венська школа фантастичного реалізму Wikipedia in 16/32 languages

Fuchs studied sculpture with Emmy Steinbock (1943), attended the St Anna Painting School where he studied under professor Robin C. At the academy, he met Arik Brauer, Rudolf Hausner, Fritz Janschka, Wolfgang Hutter, and Anton Lehmden, together with whom he later founded what has become known as the Vienna School of Fantastic Realism. He sought inspiration in ancient alchemy and religion; Christian and Jewish mysticism but also deep psychology.

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Поль Дельво 1897–1994

Бельгієць Born in Юї Сюрреалізм Wikipedia in 24/32 languages

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Dora Maar 1907–1997

French Born in 6th arrondissement of Paris Surrealist Photography Wikipedia in 22/32 languages

Dora Maar (Henriette Theodora Markovitch, 1907-1997) remains a captivating figure in the annals of 20th-century art – a photographer, painter, and intellectual whose life was inextricably intertwined with the turbulent currents of Surrealism, political activism, and the passionate intensity of her relationship with Pablo Picasso. Following her introduction to Pablo Picasso in 1935, she became deeply involved in leftist groups like “masses” and the Union of Intellectuals against Fascism, reflecting a commitment to social justice that permeated much of her work.

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Ельза Шіапарелі 1890–1973

Італійка Born in Рим Сюрреалізм у моді

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Пол Наш 1889–1946

Born in Кенсінгтон

Tate Britain: Його полотна знаходяться в постійній колекції Tate Britain. Imperial War Museum: У Імперському воєнному музеї зберігається кілька його військових картин. York Art Gallery: York Art Gallery також має у своїй колекції роботи Неша.

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Луїс Ройо народився 1954

Іспанець Born in Олла Фантастичне ілюстрування

Royo's art is instantly recognizable for its powerful depictions of strong, often sensual female figures set against the backdrop of fantastical – and sometimes disturbingly apocalyptic – landscapes. A significant departure came in 2006 with the ambitious fresco painting he created alongside Romulo Royo on a domed ceiling in Moscow – a project meticulously documented in the art book Dome. He received the prestigious Spectrum Silver Award for Best Contemporary Fantastic Art in 1996 – a significant acknowledgement of his technical skill and artistic vision.

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Жульєн Леві 1906–1981

Американець Born in Нью-Йорк Сюрреалізм, Авангард

сторінка художника Жульєна Леві. Фріда Кало (зліпок двох контактних відбитків). вікіпедія: Жульєн Леві.

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Джим Воррен народився 1949

Американець Born in Лонг-Біч Сюрреалістичне фентезі

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Майкл Паркс народився 1944

Born in Сікестон

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Maurice Tabard 1897–1984

French Born in Lyon Surrealism

Maurice Tabard, born in Lyon, France on July 12, 1897, emerged as a significant figure within the burgeoning Surrealist movement, though his path to artistic recognition was uniquely shaped by a blend of familial influence and transatlantic experience. While Tabard’s career wasn't solely defined by Surrealism – he also worked as a set photographer and documentary filmmaker in the 1940s, and spent time teaching in the United States – his contributions to the movement remain significant.

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George Wallace Jardine 1920–2002

British Surrealism

Born in Glasgow, Jardine’s artistic journey began with formative years spent studying at Wallasey School of Art and furthering his education at the Royal College of Art under luminaries like Paul Nash and Stanley Spencer. The historical significance of George Wallace Jardine lies in his ability to bridge the gap between traditional landscape painting and the avant-garde surrealist movement.

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Грехем Вівіан Сазерленд 1903–1980

Англійський Born in Стрейтхем Сюрреалізм Wikipedia in 13/32 languages

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Claude Cahun 1894–1954

French Born in Nantes Surrealism

Rejecting the polished realism favored by many artists, she embraced a deliberately unsettling aesthetic—often employing double exposures and photomontage to create images that simultaneously reveal and conceal. During World War II, Cahun actively participated in the French Resistance movement, utilizing her artistic skills to disseminate propaganda and support underground networks.

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Олександр Аксінін 1949–1985

Український Born in Львів Соціалістична реалізм, Етшування

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Октавіо Окампо народився 1943

Born in Селая Wikipedia in 9/32 languages

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Frederick Sommer 1905–1999

American Photography, Surrealism

Frederick Sommer (1905 – 1999) stands as a singular figure in American photography and visual art, recognized for his hauntingly beautiful desert landscapes and his pioneering exploration of photographic techniques.

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Saul Steinberg 1914–1999

Romanian-American Born in Râmnicu Sărat Modernist Cartooning Wikipedia in 17/32 languages

To encounter the work of Saul Steinberg is to step into a realm where the boundaries between thought and line, between reality and metaphor, begin to dissolve. However, the rising tide of antisemitic legislation in Europe forced him into a life of transit, leading him through the Dominican Republic before he finally reached New York City in 1942. He left behind an immense body of work that continues to resonate in museums and collections worldwide, from the Smithsonian American Art Museum to the archives of the most storied publications.

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Луїджі Серафіні народився 1949

Італієць Born in Рим Футуристичне мистецтво

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Оскар Домінгез 1906–1957

Іспанія Born in Сан-Кристобаль-де-ла-Лагуна Супрематизм Wikipedia in 10/32 languages

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Hans Bellmer 1902–1975

German Born in Катовиці Surrealism, Photography Wikipedia in 15/32 languages

While primarily known for his dolls, Bellmer’s photographic work is equally significant. His photographs are characterized by a stark, almost clinical aesthetic, often employing unusual lighting and unsettling compositions. However, following the war, Bellmer's work gained recognition within Surrealist circles in Paris, where he sought refuge from Nazi persecution.

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Майкл Сова народився 1945

Born in Мюнхен

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Ярек Йерка народився 1952

Польський Born in Торун Сюрреалізм

Born in 1952 in Toruń, Poland, Jacek Yerka emerged from a profoundly artistic family. As a child, Yerka prioritized solitary artistic endeavors—drawing and sculpting—over conventional playtime, resulting in social difficulties during primary school which he vividly described as “a grey, sometimes horrifying reality.” Yet, his aptitude for sketching garnered admiration from peers at high school. Beyond artistic heritage, Yerka draws inspiration from scientific concepts – particularly Wegener’s theory of continental drift – mirroring the expansive scope of his imagination.

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Angus Rowland Mcbean 1904–1990

Born in Monmouth, New Jersey

McBean’s initial artistic pursuits lay in the realm of theatrical design. He began his career crafting masks and scenery, developing a keen eye for visual storytelling and dramatic presentation. While specific artistic influences are not widely documented, his work demonstrates an affinity for the dramatic lighting and composition techniques prevalent in early 20th-century portraiture.

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Wolfgang Paalen 1905–1959

Austrian-Mexican Born in Vienna Surrealism, Abstract Expressionism Wikipedia in 9/32 languages

His father, Gustav Robert Paalen, was a successful inventor – the mind behind innovations like the vacuum cleaner and Thermos bottle – whose own background blended Polish-Ashkenazi and Spanish-Sephardic heritage. Initial guidance came from German painter Leo von König, nurturing Paalen’s nascent talent and setting him on a path toward artistic expression. He briefly rejoined them between 1951 and 1954 during a sojourn in Paris, but his creative energies were increasingly focused on developing what he termed “ Spaciales ” – paintings that sought to create immersive spatial environments through an extension of his fumage technique.

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Clarence John Laughlin 1905–1985

American Surrealist photography

Dody Weston Thompson, a talented model and photographer in her own right, became a frequent collaborator, lending her beauty and presence to many of his staged compositions.

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Вільгельм Фредді 1909–1995

Данська Born in Копенгаген Абстрактне мистецтво, реалістичний сюрреалізм Wikipedia in 12/32 languages

The Definite Rejection of a Request for a Kiss (Det definitive afslag på anmodningen om et kys) (1949).

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Manuel Álvarez Bravo 1902–2002

Mexican Surrealist photography; Mexican muralism

Rejecting conventional picturesque aesthetics, Bravo deliberately avoided stereotyping, prioritizing subtlety and nuance in his compositions. His early work was rooted in European influences, but he soon became deeply moved by the Mexican muralism movement and the general cultural and political push to redefine the nation's soul. Throughout his career, which spanned from the late 1920s to the 1990s, he achieved numerous accolades, particularly after 1970, and his contributions were recognized by the inclusion of his work on UNESCO's Memory of the World International Register in 2017.

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Sergei Parajanov 1924–1990

Armenian, Ukrainian Born in Tbilisi Surrealism, Folklore

His life, tragically cut short by lung cancer in 1990, became intertwined with the turbulent currents of Soviet history, transforming his artistic vision into both a triumph of creativity and a poignant symbol of suppressed expression. He is buried at Komitas Pantheon in Yerevan, a fitting tribute to a man whose spirit remains inextricably linked to the soul of Armenia.

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Eileen Agar 1899–1991

Argentine-British Born in Буенос-Айрес Surrealism Wikipedia in 9/32 languages

Eileen Forrester Agar, born in the vibrant city of Buenos Aires in 1899 to a Scottish father and American mother, was an artist whose life and work embodied a fascinating interplay of cultures and artistic movements. A period of study in Paris between 1928 and 1930 proved pivotal, exposing her to the intellectual ferment that would soon define Surrealism. Following World War II, Agar experienced a renewed period of artistic productivity, marked by numerous solo exhibitions beginning in 1946.

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Джордж Кондо народився 1957

Born in Конкорд Wikipedia in 7/32 languages

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Маріо Сезарині Де Васконселош 1923–2006

Португалець Born in Лісабон Сюрреалізм, поезія

National Theatre and Dance Museum. Національний музей театру та танцю, Лісабон, Португалія. Rede Portuguesa de Arte Contemporânea a Norte, Порту, Португалія.

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Piroska Szanto 1913–1998

Hungarian Born in Kiskunfélegyháza Surrealism

This artist colony, brimming with innovative minds like Endre Bálint, Dezső Korniss, and Lajos Vajda, became a crucible for her developing style.

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Artur Cruzeiro Seixas 1920–2020

Born in Amadora 1920s Art Deco

Upon returning to Portugal in 1964, Seixas continued to push the boundaries of artistic expression. His collaboration with Natália Correia on the renowned “Anthology of Erotic and Satirical Portuguese Poetry” in 1966 showcased his ability to seamlessly blend visual art with literary themes. Seixas’s artistic journey began in the fertile intellectual environment of António Arroio School, where he forged lasting friendships with key figures who would shape Portugal's cultural landscape: Mário Cesariny, Marcelino Vespeira, Júlio Pomar, and Fernando Azevedo.

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Павел Челіщев 1898–1957

Роджений у Росії Born in Дубрівка Сюрреалізм, Неоромантизм Wikipedia in 7/32 languages

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Marcelo Grassmann 1925–2013

Brazilian Born in Sao Joao do Rio Preto Engraving and draughtsmanship

Initially pursued sculpture before discovering his passion for engraving in the 1940s. Influenced by Austrian artist Alfred Kubin and prominent Brazilian engravers Oswaldo Goeldi and Livio Abramo. Influence on Subsequent Artists: His unique style and technical skill have inspired generations of artists in Brazil and beyond.

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Марія Іск'єрдо 1902–1955

мексиканка Born in Сан-Хуан-де-лос-Лагос Сюрреалізм, народне мистецтво Wikipedia in 11/32 languages

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Kay Sage 1898–1963

American Born in Watervliet Surrealism Wikipedia in 11/32 languages

For a decade following her marriage to Italian Prince Ranieri di San Faustino in 1925, Sage largely abandoned painting, embracing the social obligations inherent in aristocratic life. Their connection sparked a profound creative synergy; they married in 1940 and settled in Woodbury, Connecticut, becoming central figures within a community of exiled Surrealist artists. Despite facing challenges as a woman artist in a male-dominated field, Sage exhibited her work at prominent galleries such as Pierre Matisse Gallery and Catherine Viviano Gallery in New York City, and participated in group exhibitions including the Salon des Surindépendants in Paris.

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Ксуль Солар 1887–1963

Аргентинець Born in Сан-Фернандо Авангард, Сюрреалізм Wikipedia in 9/32 languages

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Richard Oelze 1900–1980

German Born in Magdeburg Surrealism Wikipedia in 7/32 languages

As a painter, draftsperson, and graphic artist, Oelze was regarded as a significant figure in surrealism. His work is characterized by a secretive representation of landscape and figural compositions, often rendered with a level of detail reminiscent of the old masters.

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Геда Стерн 1910–2011

Румунсько-американська Born in Бухарест Абстрактний експресіонізм та сюрреалізм Wikipedia in 8/32 languages

Her journey from the vibrant avant-garde scene of pre-war Europe to the heart of the New York School is a testament to her resilience, intellectual curiosity, and unwavering dedication to artistic exploration. Simultaneously, Sterne devoured German philosophical texts, grappling with existential questions and embracing the modernist preoccupation with subjectivity.

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Pierre Roy 1880–1950

French Born in Nantes Surrealist Wikipedia in 7/32 languages

Born in 1880, Pierre Roy was a French surrealist painter. A significant moment in his career occurred in 1925 when he participated in the first exhibition of surrealist painters alongside figures such as Giorgio de Chirico, Max Ernst, and Pablo Picasso.

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Ithell Colquhoun 1906–1988

British Born in Shillong Surrealism, Occult art Wikipedia in 6/32 languages

In 1946, Colquhoun established a studio near Penzance, Cornwall, while maintaining a residence in London.

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Франсіско Толедо 1940–2019

Мексиканський Born in Мехіко Сюрреалізм, Народне мистецтво Wikipedia in 10/32 languages

Toledo’s artistic style is characterized by its masterful blend of Surrealism, Folk Art, and Pre-Columbian influences. He achieved renown for his monumental sculptures—particularly “Grasshopper and Alligator”—which embody a powerful visual language rooted in indigenous symbolism and executed with exceptional technical skill. Artists who influenced this artist include Rufino Tamayo, Paul Klee, and Jean Dubuffet.

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Маргаріт Анна 1913–1991

Угорщина Born in Borota Експресіонізм, сюрреалізм Wikipedia in 8/32 languages

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Jacqueline Lamba 1910–1993

French Born in Saint-Mandé Surrealism Wikipedia in 6/32 languages

Their connection was nothing short of cinematic—a romance ignited by the sight of Lamba performing as a nude underwater dancer at the Coliseum, an image that would forever haunt Breton’s memory. While historical narratives often relegated her to the role of the muse or the devoted spouse, Lamba was far more than a silent inspiration.

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Vlady 1920–2005

Modern Art

Vlady’s artistic development has been marked by a consistent dedication to traditional oil painting techniques. He avoids overt brushstrokes, preferring to create smooth, seamless surfaces that enhance the ethereal quality of his figures. The Power of Light: Vlady’s meticulous attention to light is central to his artistic vision.

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Caleb Lewis

Australian

This process is deeply personal, functioning as a way to dissipate nervous energy and find a sense of equilibrium. The concentration required to place each point allows for a quiet stillness, turning a repetitive motion into a means of managing internal noise.

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Raquel Forner 1902–1988

Argentine Born in Buenos Aires Expressionism, Surrealism Wikipedia in 5/32 languages

Raquel Forner (1902–1988) stands as a monumental figure in the landscape of Latin American modernism, an artist whose brushstrokes did not merely capture light, but rather channeled the profound tremors of a century defined by upheaval. Her accolades were numerous, including prestigious awards from the Argentine National Salon and the Konex Awards, reflecting both domestic respect and international relevance.

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Любо Крістек народився 1943

Born in Брно Wikipedia in 6/32 languages

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Джеймс Глісон 1915–2008

Австралієць Born in Австралія Сюрреалізм Wikipedia in 4/32 languages

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Джулиан Тревельян 1910–1988

Британський Born in Доркінґ Сюрреалізм, Графіка Wikipedia in 3/32 languages

Trevelyan’s childhood was marked by intellectual stimulation thanks to his family's heritage – Sir George Trevelyan’s political convictions instilled a sense of civic responsibility, while G.M. Crucially, Trevelyan’s exposure to European art during his time at Cambridge ignited his passion for Surrealism, influencing his stylistic choices and thematic concerns throughout his career.

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Jeffrey Smart 1921–2013

Australian Born in Adelaide Precisionism Wikipedia in 5/32 languages

Frank Jeffrey Edson Smart, known universally as Jeffrey Smart, emerged onto the Australian art scene from a childhood steeped in both encouragement and constraint. His early work reflected this exposure, alongside an engagement with local maritime artist John Giles, painting industrial landscapes around Port Adelaide – scenes that foreshadowed his later preoccupation with urban environments. A subsequent period on the island of Ischia in 1950, shared with fellow Australian painters Donald Friend, Michael Shannon, and Jacqueline Hick, further solidified his artistic direction.

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Conroy Maddox 1912–2005

English Born in Ledbury Surrealism Wikipedia in 4/32 languages

Maddox’s artistic techniques were as unconventional as his subject matter. He rejected traditional painting methods, embracing collage, frottage, and decalcomania—techniques that allowed for chance encounters and the emergence of unexpected forms. Conroy Maddox died in London in 2005 at the age of 92, leaving behind a remarkable body of work that continues to captivate and inspire.

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Трістрам Пол Гіллєр 1905–1983

English Born in Пекін Surrealist Wikipedia in 2/32 languages

His dedication to his craft earned him significant professional accolades, including being elected an Associate of the Royal Academy in 1957 and later becoming a Royal Academician.

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Дьордь Роман 1903–1981

Угорщина Born in Рим Сюрреалізм Wikipedia in 1/32 languages

«Червона липко» (Red Fly-paper): Це вражаюче полотно зображує самотню постать серед хаотичного простору малинових відтінків, що символізує вразливість і пастку всепоглинаючих сил природи.

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Jorge Castillo народився 1933

Spanish Born in Pontevedra Abstract Expressionist Wikipedia in 5/32 languages

Castillo's artistic trajectory began with a formal education in drawing at the École des Beaux-Arts in Paris, a crucial period that exposed him to the revolutionary currents of Surrealism. His initial exhibitions at Galería Altamira in Madrid showcased these early works – hauntingly beautiful ink drawings and gouaches that hinted at the emotional complexity to come. Returning to Spain in 1955, he settled in Barcelona, a city that would become inextricably linked to his artistic identity.

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Ivan Eyre 1935–2022

Canadian Born in Saskatchewan Abstract Figurative, Prairie Landscape Wikipedia in 3/32 languages

His early life, marked by moves across the prairies—from Red Deer, Alberta, to Saskatoon—instilled in him an intimate understanding of the land’s character: its solitude, its ever-changing light, and its capacity for both beauty and starkness. This formative connection would become the bedrock of his artistic expression. Notably, nine of his sculptures are prominently displayed in the McMichael Sculpture Garden in Kleinburg, Ontario, and others grace Assiniboine Park in Winnipeg, enriching public spaces with his distinctive aesthetic.

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Сері Річардс 1903–1971

валлієць Born in Данварт Сюрреалізм, експресіонізм Wikipedia in 2/32 languages

«Дівчина за піаніно» (1949) уособлює його прихильність до кубізму, представляючи фрагментовану, але гармонійну композицію з кутастих форм і вражаючих кольорів. «Двоє музикантів» (1954) вибухає енергією виступу, де помаранчеві відтінки та динамічні мазки передають саму суть музикальності.

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Eldzier Cortor 1916–2015

American Born in Richmond Surrealism, Realism Wikipedia in 3/32 languages

Simultaneously, Cortor’s dedication to positive portrayals of African Americans was nurtured by his avid readership of The Chicago Defender, a newspaper dedicated to celebrating Black achievements.

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Linder Sterling народився 1954

British Wikipedia in 4/32 languages

Her work has been featured in group exhibitions at the Tate Modern, the Australian Centre for Contemporary Art, and the Museum of Contemporary Art Chicago. In 2017, she was honored with the Paul Hamlyn Foundation Award. Her performance art has included works such as The Ultimate Form, a collaboration with choreographer Kenneth Tindall, and Children of the Stain.

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Juan Barjola 1919–2004

Spanish Born in Torre de Miguel Sesmero New Figuration Wikipedia in 3/32 languages

His early paintings often featured fragmented figures and dreamlike landscapes, hinting at a subconscious world grappling with themes of isolation, memory, and the anxieties of war. The Spanish Civil War cast a long pall over his generation, and while Barjola’s work wasn't overtly political in the propagandistic sense, it resonated with a profound sense of displacement and loss. The shadow of Pablo Picasso loomed large over Spanish art during Barjola’s formative years, but rather than imitation, Picasso's example spurred him toward originality.

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Emilio Tadini 1927–2002

Spanish Born in Milan Catalan Modernisme Wikipedia in 1/32 languages

Emilio Tadini was far more than a painter; he was a profound architect of meaning within the Italian cultural landscape. Born in Milan in 1927, his journey began not with a brush, but with the written word. A poet, novelist, and essayist, Tadini first emerged onto the prestigious literary stage in 1947 through Elio Vittorini's magazine, Politecnico.

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Леандр Крістофоль І Перальба 1908–1998

Catalan Born in Ос-да-Балаге Surrealism, Non-figurative Wikipedia in 1/32 languages

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Ellen Lanyon 1926–2013

Born in Chicago World Goes Pop Wikipedia in 1/32 languages

Lanyon’s early work focused on intimate portraits of relatives and the spaces they inhabited – quiet studies imbued with a sense of psychological depth. She herself often described these works as “dreamscapes,” a fitting term for paintings that seem to exist on the threshold between waking consciousness and the realm of sleep. In the 1970s, Lanyon’s move to New York brought her into contact with the feminist art collective Heresies, further broadening her intellectual and artistic horizons.