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St Columba Altarpiece (left panel)

Imię i nazwisko Klasa Data

Rogier van der Weyden, St Columba Altarpiece (left panel) (1455), Alte Pinakothek. Domena publiczna. Zobacz to płótno w zmieniającym się świetle: rysunek, prawdziwy kolor pod werniksem, czysty pigment

Fakty

Artysta
Rogier van der Weyden originaluniqueart.com/pl/artists/rogier-van-der-weyden_pl/
Daty życia artysty
1400 – 1464
Technika malarska
1455
Technika wykonania
Acrylic On Canvas
Wymiary oryginału
138 x 70 cm
Ruch
Early Netherlandish Painting Northern European painters using the new oil paint for astonishing detail — every hair, every reflection.
Miejsce wystawy
Alte Pinakothek originaluniqueart.com/pl/museums/alte-pinakothek-monachium_pl/
Artistic style
Realistic, detailed
Influences
Late Gothic
Notable elements
Angels, bed, curtains
Subject or theme
Religious scene

W kontekście

St Columba Altarpiece (left panel) — Rogier van der Weyden

Jakie są wymiary?

Oryginalne wymiary to 138 × 70 cm (wysokość × szerokość), przedstawione tutaj obok osoby dorosłej o przeciętnym wzroście.

Kiedy powstało to dzieło?

  1. 1400
  2. 1410
  3. 1420
  4. 1430
  5. 1440
  6. 1450
  7. 1460

Wiersz powyżej: lata. Wiersz poniżej: wiek artysty na początku i na końcu każdego okresu — 0 w chwili narodzin, 64 w chwili śmierci.

Namalowane, gdy artysta miał 55 lat. Artysta dożył 64 lat. 119 z 165 datowanych dzieł tego artysty w naszym katalogu powstało wcześniej.

Shaded: lata życia Rogier van der Weyden (1400–1464) ▲ to dzieło, 1455 każdy datowany obraz, dekada po dekadzie

Pierwsze prace: do 1441 Główne lata aktywności zawodowej: 1441–1455 Późne dzieła: od 1455

Te trzy sekcje dzielą datowane w tym katalogu dzieła na pierwszy kwartał, środkową połowę oraz ostatni kwartał. Nie stanowią one pełnego dorobku artysty: rzadsze okresy mogą wynikać z luk w dokumentacji, a nie z mniejszej aktywności twórczej. Lata zbieżne z życiem artysty

Porównaj z

Wybierz jedno z powyższych dzieł: wymień dwie cechy wspólne z tym utworem oraz jedną różnicę.

Więcej dzieł o podobnym charakterze: originaluniqueart.com/pl/art/similar/rogier-van-der-weyden-st-columba-altarpiece-left-panel-8Y3M32-en/

Paleta kolorów

Wyodrębniona z analizy obrazu

    Kolor główny

    Phthalo Green #2f2224

    Paleta w katalogu

    • #2F2224
    • #A48F7E
    • #E0D9D3
    • #823F31

    Te kolory w całej palecie artysty Znajdź inne obrazy według koloru

    Paleta kolorów
    Earthy Dominująca gama kolorystyczna obrazu.
    Nazwa koloru głównego
    Phthalo Green
    Nasycenie
    Balanced Stopień nasycenia i różnorodność kolorów – od pojedynczego stonowanego odcienia po bogactwo jaskrawych barw.
    Kontrast
    Statement W jakim stopniu kolory różnią się jasnością i nasyceniem na całym obrazie.
    Harmonia
    Strong Color Unity Jak dobrze kolory ze sobą współgrają – od kontrastowych po w pełni jednolite.
    Jasność
    Shadow Ogólna jasność lub ciemność obrazu, od głębokich cieni po świetliste refleksy.
    Nasycenie
    Balanced Soft Jak czyste i intensywne są te kolory, od niemal szarych po w pełni żywe.

    Gdzie na świecie można zobaczyć ten obraz?

    • poniżej 1%
    • 1–3%
    • 3–8%
    • 8–20%
    • 20% i więcej
    Samo to dzieło ma zbyt mało odnotowanych odwiedzających, aby móc je nanieść na mapę, dlatego zestawienie obejmuje wszystkie prace autorstwa Rogier van der Weyden z ostatnich dwunastu miesięcy — łącznie 30 krajów. Źródło tych danych

    Dziesięć wiodących krajów

    1. 1 Chiny 43,8%
    2. 2 Hiszpania 12,5%
    3. 3 Stany Zjednoczone Ameryki 8,2%
    4. 4 Singapur 7,7%
    5. 5 Hongkong 5,5%
    6. 6 Włochy 4,4%
    7. 7 Wielka Brytania 3,6%
    8. 8 Francja 3,0%
    9. 9 Rumunia 2,5%
    10. 10 Polska 1,3%
    11. · 20 innych krajów 7,5%

    Znajdź na mapie trzy najciemniejsze kraje. Czy muzeum, w którym znajduje się ten obraz, leży w którymś z nich? Zapisz jeden powód, dla którego osoby z daleka mogą chcieć go zobaczyć.

    20 najczęściej oglądanych dzieł artysty Rogier van der Weyden

    1. 1 Deslizamiento de Cristo 1, 1435 10,7%
    2. 2 Zwiastowanie, 1440 2,3%
    3. 3 Tryptyk Pierre'a Bladelina (detal), 1445 2,2%
    4. 4 Portrait of a Lady, 1455 1,9%
    5. 5 Ostatnie Sądownictwo Poliptych Rogiera van der Weyden, 1446 1,9%
    6. 6 Zdjęcie z krzyża, 1435 1,9%
    7. 7 Dama w tiulowym nakryciu głowy, 1445 1,9%
    8. 8 wga.hu tags: ['WEYDEN, 1435 1,6%
    9. 9 Zdjęcie z krzyża (szczegół), 1435 1,6%
    10. 10 Ołtarz Miraflores (panel centralny), 1440 1,6%
    11. 11 Francesco d'Este (born about 1429, died after July 20, 1476), 1460 1,5%
    12. 12 Bladelin Triptych (prawe skrzydło), 1445 1,5%
    13. 13 Święty Łukasz malujący portret Madonny 1,4%
    14. 14 Pieta, 1441 1,4%
    15. 15 Group of Men, 1460 1,4%
    16. 16 St Luke Drawing a Portrait of the Madonna, 1435 1,2%
    17. 17 Ołtarz Siedmiu Sakramentów, 1445 1,2%
    18. 18 Rodzina Braque (prawa skrzynia), 1450 1,2%
    19. 19 Ekshumacja św. Huberta, 1437 1,2%
    20. — St Columba Altarpiece (left panel), 1455 ten obraz 0,0%

    Razem dzieła te stanowią 39,6% całej uwagi, jaką obrazy tego artysty przyciągnęły w ciągu ostatnich dwunastu miesięcy. Katalog zawiera 222 dzieł tego artysty, z których 175 zostało obejrzanych co najmniej raz. Ten obraz nie został jeszcze obejrzany w tym okresie — zamyka on listę bez przypisanego miejsca w rankingu. To samo, miesiąc po miesiącu

    Paski mierzą poziom uwagi, a nie jakość. Wybierz dzieło z górnej części listy oraz to poniżej: wymień jedną rzecz, która może przynieść obrazowi sławę niezależnie od kunsztu jego wykonania.

    O tym dziele sztuki

    St Columba Altarpiece (left panel) — Rogier van der Weyden

    A Moment of Serenity: Rogier van der Weyden’s St Columba Altarpiece – Left Panel

    The left panel of Rogier van der Weyden's 1455 St. Columba Altarpiece is not merely a depiction of a biblical scene; it’s an immersion into a carefully constructed world of piety, grace, and the burgeoning humanist ideals of the early fifteenth century. Van der Weyden, a master of emotional realism and technical precision, crafted this panel with a dedication to detail that anticipates the Renaissance, imbuing every fold of fabric, every expression on a face, with an almost palpable sense of life. The scene unfolds within a richly appointed chamber, bathed in diffused light – a hallmark of Van der Weyden’s masterful use of chiaroscuro, creating dramatic contrasts and drawing the viewer's eye to the central figures.

    The Figures: At the heart of the composition stands St. Columba, depicted as a young man, radiating an aura of quiet authority and serene contemplation. He’s not presented in grand, heroic poses; instead, he embodies a gentle humility, his gaze directed inward, suggesting a deep spiritual connection. Beside him, two angelic musicians – likely playing violins or lutes, instruments gaining popularity during this period – contribute to the atmosphere of peaceful devotion. Their youthful appearance and attentive gestures further reinforce the theme of renewal and divine grace.

    The Bed: The presence of a bed, draped in vibrant red curtains, is significant. This isn’t simply a domestic detail; it represents the scene's core narrative – Columba’s arrival in Ireland, where he famously baptized Lindisfarne’s King Oswald and converted pagan tribes to Christianity. The bed symbolizes the place of healing, both physical and spiritual, where Columba offered solace and guidance.

    A Symphony of Technique: Van der Weyden's Masterclass

    Van der Weyden’s skill as a painter is immediately apparent in the meticulous rendering of textures and materials. The fabrics – the bed hangings, the garments worn by the figures – are depicted with an astonishing level of realism, achieved through layers of thin glazes applied to the oil paint. This technique, known as verdener, allowed Van der Weyden to create a shimmering surface that captured the play of light and shadow with breathtaking accuracy. Notice particularly the subtle variations in color within the drapery; each fold and pleat is rendered with painstaking detail, demonstrating his profound understanding of how light interacts with different materials.

    Color Palette:** The panel’s palette leans towards rich, earthy tones – deep reds, browns, and golds – reflecting the opulent tastes of the Burgundian courts where Van der Weyden worked. These colors contribute to the overall sense of luxury and reverence associated with religious art during this period.

    Symbolism and Context: A Window into the 15th Century

    The St. Columba Altarpiece is deeply rooted in the theological concerns of its time. St. Columba’s mission to Ireland represents a pivotal moment in Christian expansion, symbolizing the spread of faith and civilization. The inclusion of the angelic musicians adds another layer of meaning – they represent divine messengers and the harmony between humanity and God. Furthermore, the scene reflects the growing interest in humanism during the 15th century, as Van der Weyden sought to portray his subjects with psychological depth and emotional realism. This shift away from purely symbolic representations marked a significant step towards the more naturalistic style that would characterize the Renaissance.

    Emotional Resonance: A Timeless Appeal

    Despite its historical context, the St. Columba Altarpiece continues to resonate powerfully with viewers today. Van der Weyden’s ability to capture the quiet dignity and inner peace of St. Columba is profoundly moving. The scene evokes a sense of serenity and contemplation, inviting us to reflect on our own spiritual journeys. A reproduction of this exquisite panel offers a remarkable opportunity to bring this masterpiece into your home or office, allowing you to experience its beauty and emotional depth firsthand. WahooArt’s hand-painted reproductions faithfully recreate Van der Weyden's artistry, ensuring that the spirit of this iconic work endures for generations to come.

    Artysta i muzeum

    Artysta

    Rogier van der Weyden

    Urodzony w Tournai, Belgia

    A Master of Emotion: The Life and Legacy of Rogier van der Weyden

    Rogier de la Pasture – known to history as Rogier van der Weyden – emerged around 1400 in the vibrant city of Tournai, nestled within what is now Belgium. His early life remains somewhat shrouded in mystery, but it’s believed he initially honed his skills not with brush and pigment alone, but as a goldsmith. This formative training instilled within him an unwavering dedication to meticulous detail and a refined sensibility for craftsmanship – qualities that would become hallmarks of his artistic style. The precision demanded by working with precious metals undoubtedly translated into the exquisite rendering of textures, fabrics, and expressions that define his masterpieces. He wasn’t merely depicting reality; he was recreating it with painstaking accuracy, imbued with an almost reverent attention to detail.

    From Tournai to Brussels: A Rising Star

    By 1427, van der Weyden had ascended to the rank of master within the Guild of Saint Luke in Tournai, a testament to his burgeoning talent and skill. This marked a significant turning point, solidifying his position as a professional artist and opening doors to important commissions. His ascent continued when he entered the service of Philip the Good, Duke of Burgundy, in 1435 – a patronage that would profoundly shape his career for the remainder of his life. Serving as court painter afforded him not only financial security but also access to an elite circle of influence and exposure to some of the most discerning eyes of the era. It was during this period that van der Weyden’s artistic vision truly began to mature, moving away from the somewhat rigid conventions of earlier Netherlandish painters towards a more emotionally resonant and naturalistic approach. He wasn't simply painting religious scenes; he was striving to evoke genuine feeling in the viewer, to create an experience that transcended mere observation.

    The Language of Feeling: Style and Technique

    Rogier van der Weyden’s artistic signature is immediately recognizable through several defining characteristics. His palette was remarkably rich and diverse, a vibrant tapestry of colors carefully chosen to avoid repetition and create depth and complexity within his compositions. He possessed an extraordinary ability to convey profound emotion – pathos – particularly in depictions of religious subjects like the Lamentation, where grief and sorrow are palpable. This emotional intensity wasn’t achieved through dramatic gestures or exaggerated expressions; rather, it was subtly woven into the very fabric of the painting, conveyed through delicate nuances of facial expression, body language, and composition. His figures, while adhering to the conventions of the time, demonstrate a growing interest in realistic representation – not just in anatomy and drapery, but also in capturing the psychological states of his subjects. They possess a dignified, almost sculptural quality, particularly evident in his grand triptychs, lending them an air of solemnity and reverence. He masterfully employed oil paint, building up layers of translucent glazes to achieve luminous effects and create a sense of depth and realism that was revolutionary for its time.

    Notable Works and Enduring Masterpieces

    Throughout his prolific career, van der Weyden produced numerous works that stand as testaments to his artistic prowess. St Luke Drawing a Portrait of the Madonna, housed in the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, showcases his mastery of oil on panel and meticulous observation. The Lamentation, residing in the Musée des Beaux-Arts Tournai, Belgium, is perhaps his most celebrated work – a powerfully emotive depiction of Christ’s mourning, renowned for its dramatic use of chiaroscuro and its ability to evoke profound sorrow in the viewer. Multiple versions of The Deposition exist, each demonstrating his skill in conveying grief and drama with breathtaking sensitivity. The Annunciation, a masterpiece of refined style and attention to detail, exemplifies his ability to imbue even the most traditional subjects with a sense of freshness and vitality. And finally, the intricate and richly detailed Bladelin Triptych stands as a monumental achievement – a complex altarpiece that showcases the full range of van der Weyden’s artistic abilities. These works, and many others, continue to captivate audiences today, solidifying his position as one of the most important painters of the 15th century.

    Lasting Influence: A Legacy Forged in Paint

    Van der Weyden’s influence extended far beyond the borders of his native Flanders. His works were highly sought after throughout Europe, particularly in Italy and Spain, where they introduced a new level of emotional depth and naturalism to local artistic traditions. Although his fame experienced a period of relative decline in the 17th century, a rediscovery during the 19th century cemented his place as one of the most important painters of the 15th century. He stands alongside Jan van Eyck and Robert Campin as one of the “three great” Early Flemish masters, each contributing uniquely to the development of Northern Renaissance art. His innovative techniques and emotionally charged compositions paved the way for future generations of artists, inspiring countless imitators and influencing the course of Western painting for centuries to come. He helped establish oil painting as the dominant medium and elevated the status of the artist within society, transforming them from skilled craftsmen into revered creators. Rogier van der Weyden’s legacy continues to resonate today, a testament to his enduring genius and his profound understanding of the human condition.

    Muzeum

    Alte Pinakothek

    Prezentowane w Monachium, Niemcy

    A Sanctuary of Renaissance Light: Exploring the Alte Pinakothek

    Nestled within Munich’s Kunstareal – a vibrant heart pulsing with artistic legacy – lies the Alte Pinakothek, more than just a museum; it's a meticulously curated journey through the soul of European painting. Established in 1836 by King Ludwig I, this architectural marvel wasn’t conceived as a mere repository for masterpieces, but rather as a deliberate counterpoint to the Gothic Revival style, an assertion of Neoclassical grandeur and intellectual clarity. The Alte Pinakothek stands as a singular monument to the Renaissance and Baroque eras, inviting visitors into a world where light, color, and human emotion converge in breathtaking harmony. Its imposing façade, designed by Leo von Klenze, immediately establishes a sense of solemnity and importance – a deliberate statement against the romantic excesses of its time, while the building’s interior whispers tales of artistic patronage and scholarly devotion.

    Treasures Within: Highlights of the Collection

    Within the Alte Pinakothek’s walls reside masterpieces that have captivated audiences for centuries. Albrecht Dürer’s self-portraits are particularly compelling – not merely portraits but profound studies in psychological depth and masterful draughtsmanship, revealing a keen understanding of human nature through meticulous detail. Rembrandt van Rijn's luminous landscapes, imbued with the dramatic chiaroscuro technique, transport viewers to evocative scenes bathed in light and shadow, capturing the fleeting beauty of nature and the drama of human experience. Sir Peter Paul Rubens’ works are also prominent, including his dynamic “Lion Hunt,” a testament to his mastery of color and composition – a vibrant explosion of energy and movement that embodies the exuberance of the Baroque period. Consider, too, Hendrick Terbrugghen's dramatic compositions, heavily influenced by Caravaggio, creating scenes of intense emotion and psychological depth. Bernhard Strigel’s portraits, characterized by their luminous color and detailed likenesses, offer intimate glimpses into the lives of Bavarian nobility. The collection also includes works by Jan Brueghel the Elder, Raphael, Titian, and Frans Hals, each contributing to the museum’s comprehensive survey of European painting. A standout example is Rubens' ‘Landscape with a Rainbow,’ a breathtaking depiction of nature’s power and beauty, showcasing his signature use of vibrant color and dynamic composition. And don’t miss Rembrandt’s poignant self-portraits – intimate studies that reveal not just the artist’s physical likeness but also his inner thoughts and emotions.

    Architectural Grandeur: A Reflection of Artistic Vision

    The Alte Pinakothek’s architecture is inextricably linked to its collection. The building itself, completed in 1836, embodies Ludwig I's ambition for grandeur and his commitment to elevating Bavarian culture. Designed by Leo von Klenze, the Neoclassical style reflects a deliberate rejection of the Gothic Revival that dominated much of European architecture at the time. The soaring halls, high ceilings, and meticulously crafted interiors create an atmosphere of reverence and contemplation – a space designed to showcase art in its most dignified form. Notably, the Alte Pinakothek was one of the first museums to incorporate skylights into its design, flooding the galleries with natural light – a revolutionary concept at the time. This deliberate choice not only enhanced the beauty of the paintings but also symbolized the museum’s commitment to transparency and intellectual enlightenment. The building's robust construction, utilizing thick masonry walls and a sophisticated ventilation system, ensured the preservation of the artworks for generations come. The Alte Pinakothek is more than just a beautiful building; it’s a testament to the power of architecture to enhance and elevate artistic experience.

    A Living Legacy: Unique Appeal

    The Alte Pinakothek’s enduring fascination stems from its singular focus on the Renaissance and Baroque eras, presenting an unparalleled opportunity for connoisseurs and scholars alike. Its meticulously preserved collection allows visitors to immerse themselves in the artistic spirit of two pivotal periods—a rare glimpse into the intellectual and aesthetic ideals that shaped Western civilization. Visiting this museum isn't merely observing art; it’s participating in a living dialogue with history, fostering appreciation for beauty, innovation, and the profound human impulse to express oneself creatively. The Alte Pinakothek continues to evolve, embracing new technologies and innovative approaches to engage visitors of all ages and backgrounds.

    Notable Exhibitions and Preservation

    The Alte Pinakothek is far from a static collection; it's a dynamic institution committed to engaging with contemporary audiences. Regularly hosting temporary exhibitions exploring specific themes or artists, the museum often revisits familiar favorites with fresh perspectives. Currently, a captivating dialogue unfolds between selections from the Neue Pinakothek’s collection and the Alte Pinakothek’s East Wing, fostering stimulating conversations across centuries—a testament to the interconnectedness of artistic traditions. These curated events demonstrate a dedication to continually enriching the visitor experience and highlighting new connections within the broader art historical narrative.

    Gdzie przeczytać więcej

    Znajdź w sieci

    Kod QR prowadzący do strony pobierania St Columba Altarpiece (left panel)

    originaluniqueart.com/pl/art/download/rogier-van-der-weyden-st-columba-altarpiece-left-panel-8Y3M32-en/

    Jak cytować to dzieło

    MLA
    Weyden, Rogier van der. St Columba Altarpiece (left panel). 1455, Alte Pinakothek. https://originaluniqueart.com/pl/art/rogier-van-der-weyden-st-columba-altarpiece-left-panel-8Y3M32-en/
    APA
    Weyden, Rogier van der (1455). St Columba Altarpiece (left panel) [Painting]. Alte Pinakothek. https://originaluniqueart.com/pl/art/rogier-van-der-weyden-st-columba-altarpiece-left-panel-8Y3M32-en/
    Chicago
    Rogier van der Weyden. St Columba Altarpiece (left panel). 1455. Alte Pinakothek. https://originaluniqueart.com/pl/art/rogier-van-der-weyden-st-columba-altarpiece-left-panel-8Y3M32-en/
    Harvard
    Weyden, Rogier van der (1455) St Columba Altarpiece (left panel). Alte Pinakothek. Available at: https://originaluniqueart.com/pl/art/rogier-van-der-weyden-st-columba-altarpiece-left-panel-8Y3M32-en/

    Przyjrzyj się uważnie

    St Columba Altarpiece (left panel) — Rogier van der Weyden

    Przyjrzyj się uważniej

    Odpowiedz własnymi słowami. Nie ma tutaj błędnych odpowiedzi — liczą się tylko te, które potrafisz uzasadnić.

    1. Co przyciąga Twoją uwagę w pierwszej kolejności i dlaczego?
    2. Które kolory lub kształty budują nastrój — i jaki to nastrój?
    3. W naszym katalogu dzieło to znajduje się w kategorii: angels, music, bed. Czy zgadzasz się z tym opisem? Co warto by dodać lub usunąć?
    4. Wróć do dzieła wga.hu tags: ['WEYDEN (1435), wspomnianego wcześniej w tym przewodniku. Wymień dwie cechy wspólne z tym obrazem oraz jedną różnicę.
    5. Early Netherlandish Painting: Northern European painters using the new oil paint for astonishing detail — every hair, every reflection. Gdzie można to dostrzec w tym dziele?

    Twoja odpowiedź

    Napisz krótki akapit na temat tego dzieła. Wykorzystaj fakty zawarte w poprzednich częściach tego przewodnika oraz swoje wcześniejsze odpowiedzi.

    Quiz o sztuce

    St Columba Altarpiece (left panel) — Rogier van der Weyden

    Jak dobrze znasz to dzieło?

    Zaznacz jedną odpowiedź dla każdego z 4 poniższych pytań. Każde z nich ma dokładnie jedną poprawną odpowiedź.

    1. 1. The St. Columba Altarpiece (left panel) by Rogier van der Weyden, created in 1455, primarily depicts which scene?

      • A St. Columba's arrival in Ireland.
      • B St. Columba’s baptism of a king.
      • C St. Columba’s journey to Rome.
    2. 2. What musical instruments are the angels in the left panel of the St. Columba Altarpiece holding?

      • A Violins and harps.
      • B Lutes and flutes.
      • C Violins and lutes.
    3. 3. Rogier van der Weyden’s background as a goldsmith is most evident in his work through:

      • A His use of vibrant, unrealistic colors.
      • B His meticulous attention to detail and rendering of textures.
      • C His preference for depicting scenes from biblical stories.
    4. 4. The presence of multiple figures in the room within the altarpiece suggests what about the scene?

      • A A grand royal court.
      • B A simple domestic setting.
      • C A gathering of witnesses to a significant event.

    Mój wynik: ____ na 4

    Klucz odpowiedzi — dla nauczyciela

    Ta treść rozpoczyna nową stronę druku, więc można ją po prostu pominąć przy tworzeniu kopii.

    1A · 2C · 3A · 4C

    Sprawdź każdą odpowiedź, porównując ją z rekordem katalogowym tego obrazu

    Pytania i odpowiedzi

    Jak mogę pobrać obraz „St Columba Altarpiece (left panel)” – Rogier van der Weyden?

    Możliwość pobrania dzieła „St Columba Altarpiece (left panel)”: strona Pobierz plik cyfrowy oferuje wysokiej rozdzielczości cyfrowe zdjęcie do pobrania.

    Jaki nastrój oddaje styl Early Netherlandish Painting w dziele „St Columba Altarpiece (left panel)”?

    W nurcie Early Netherlandish Painting dzieło „St Columba Altarpiece (left panel)” zostało ujęte w Romantic tonie.

    Jaki jest format i wymiary dzieła "St Columba Altarpiece (left panel)"?

    Format dzieła "St Columba Altarpiece (left panel)" to Tall, a wymiary oryginału wynoszą 138 x 70 cm. Obie te informacje są przydatne przy planowaniu reprodukcji.