Copyright This work is still under copyright. Bernice Cross died in 1996; copyright lasts 70 years after the artist’s death, so it remains in force until 2066. The image is shown here for classroom reference; rights remain with the rights holder.
In context
Key Rack — Bernice Cross
Row above: the years. Row below: how old the artist was at the start and at the end of each span — 0 at birth, 84 at death.
Painted when the artist was 37. The artist lived to 84. 14 of the 20 dated works by this artist in our catalogue came earlier.
Shaded: the lifetime of Bernice Cross (1912–1996) ▲ this work, 1949 every dated painting, decade by decade
First works: up to 1938 Main working years: 1938–1949 Late works: from 1949
Those three bands split the works this catalogue has a date for into a first quarter, a middle half and a last quarter. They are not the artist’s complete output: a thin stretch may be a gap in the record rather than a quiet spell. The same years with the artist’s life laid along them
Pick one work above: name two things it shares with this one, and one thing that's different.
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Measured from the image
Main colour
Putty #e9dcca
Catalogued palette
These colours inside the artist’s whole palette Find other paintings by colour
Artist and museum
Born in Iowa City, United States
Bernice Cross was an American painter and artist born in Iowa City, United States. Throughout a professional career spanning five decades, she developed a style characterized by a sense of fantasy, humor, and a deceptive simplicity. Her work often balanced realism with abstraction, frequently employing a youthful, whimsical spirit that appeared childlike yet remained sophisticated in its composition and use of color. Her subject matter included genre paintings of circus people, characters from fairy tales, still lifes of flower arrangements, and portraits. In her later years, her portraits often took on a dark, almost monochrome quality, depicting figures within dreamlike, grey environments.
Technically, Cross was an adventurous experimentalist. She explored various surface textures, sometimes leaving parts of the canvas bare or building up layers of pigment with a brush and knife, occasionally adding mica or sand to her works. In one notable instance, she departed from traditional canvas or board to create a painting on velvet. Her ability to organize elements and utilize color contrasts allowed her to create an integrated whole, maintaining a recognizable signature throughout her evolving body of work.
Cross was an active participant in the Washington, D.C. art scene, exhibiting her work in numerous solo and group shows at venues such as the Phillips Gallery, the Corcoran Gallery, and the Whyte Gallery. Her work has been featured in collections including the Smithsonian American Art Museum and the Phillips Collection. Beyond her own practice, she was a dedicated art instructor. She taught at several institutions, including the Phillips Art School, the Washington Workshop Art Center, and the YMCA of Washington, D.C., and she also provided instruction at Hood College and American University.
On show in Washington, D.C., United States of America
The Phillips Collection emerged from a personal desire to live alongside art. Founded by Duncan Phillips in 1921, the institution began when he transformed his family home into an art gallery. Located in Washington, D.C.’s Dupont Circle neighborhood, this private, non-government institution was established to foster a direct connection between the viewer and the creative spirit. It holds the distinction of being America's first museum dedicated to modern art.
For over one hundred years, the collection has expanded through a commitment to modern and contemporary art. The origins of the institution are rooted in the domestic space, where the boundaries between a private residence and a public gallery remain blurred. This unique beginning shaped a mission to treat art as a living presence rather than a distant object of study. The collection grew through a spontaneous approach to acquisition, often testing new works to see if they possessed the endurance to remain part of the permanent dialogue.
The history of the institution is marked by a focus on the evolution of artistic expression. By grouping works by their aesthetic temperament, the collection traces a lineage from the influences of the nineteenth century into the complexities of the present. This approach allowed for the inclusion of voices that were often overlooked by the mainstream art world during the early twentieth century.
Located in Washington, D.C.’s historic Dupont Circle neighborhood, the institution resides within an original Georgian Revival residence. The space was not constructed as a public institution but emerged from the family home of Duncan Phillips. This domestic origin remains central to the atmosphere, as the gallery occupies a portion of the residence itself. The architecture maintains a sense of intimacy, preserving a character that feels lived-in rather than institutional. It functions as a home for the fine arts, where the boundaries between a private dwelling and a public space remain intentionally blurred.
The structure has been expanded thoughtfully over the years to accommodate a growing collection. These additions were integrated to respect the existing scale of the house, avoiding the imposing proportions often found in larger institutions. The result is a series of rooms that encourage quiet contemplation. One might find themselves standing before a canvas in a setting that feels personal and contained. The layout facilitates a dialogue between the architecture and the works it holds, ensuring that the environment remains a sanctuary for those seeking a direct encounter with art.
The collection contains nearly 6,000 works that trace a lineage from nineteenth-century influences through the developments of modernism. Pierre-Auguste Renoir’s Luncheon of the Boating Party, acquired in 1923, remains a central presence within the galleries. This work is part of a significant grouping of Impressionist and Post-Impressionist canvases, including pieces by Monet, Degas, and Van Gogh. The presence of Cézanne and Courbet provides a foundation for the more radical shifts in style that follow.
The evolution of form and color is evident in the works of Matisse, Picasso, and Braque. These artists represent the movement toward abstraction and the liberation of color. A significant milestone in the collection occurred in 1957 with the purchase of the first Mark Rothko painting, marking a shift toward the mid-century aesthetic. The dialogue between these different eras is maintained through the careful arrangement of works by various masters.
Luncheon of the Boating Party, 1881
Dancers at the Barre 1, 1888
The Repentant Peter, 1600
The Red Sun, 1948
Le Moulin de la Galette, about 1886
St. Francis in Ecstasy
The institution functions as an experiment station, a place where new ideas are tested through the arrangement of its works. Rather than maintaining static displays, the galleries are frequently rearranged to facilitate new conversations between the pieces. This movement allows for a constant re-evaluation of how different styles and eras interact within the space. Special exhibitions are held alongside the permanent collection, offering a shifting perspective on the history of modern art.
A sense of permanence exists within the changing landscape of the galleries, most notably in the Rothko Room. This permanent installation provides a dedicated space for contemplation, distinct from the rotating displays. Beyond the visual experience, the institution maintains a commitment to community engagement through award-winning education programs. These initiatives seek to foster a deeper connection between the public and the creative spirit found within the walls.
Every fact we hold on Key Rack by Bernice Cross, on its artwork page
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For art students and researchers
Key Rack — Bernice Cross
Answer in your own words. There are no wrong answers here — only answers you can explain.
Write a short paragraph about this artwork. Use the facts from the earlier parts of this guide, and your answers above.
"Key Rack" is attributed to Bernice Cross.
The image of "Key Rack" by Bernice Cross can be downloaded from the artwork's Download page: a high-resolution digital image download.
The dominant hue of "Key Rack" by Bernice Cross is ochre to sepia. The hue is the underlying tone of the palette.
"Key Rack" by Bernice Cross uses a monochrome color palette. The palette summarizes the work's overall color character.
The colors of "Key Rack" by Bernice Cross show a unified palette harmony. Harmony describes how the colors relate to each other.