Format papirja

Priročnik za študentska dela

Mrs Kennedy

Ime in priimek Razred Datum

Henry Lamb, Mrs Kennedy (1938), William Evans Bequest. Reproducirano v informativne namene; vse pravice so pridržane v rokah upravljavca pravic. Oglejte si to platno pod premikajočo svetlobo: risbe, pravo barvo pod lakom in golo pigmentacijo

Podrobnosti

Umetnik
Henry Lamb originaluniqueart.com/sl/artists/henry-lamb_sl/
Datumi rojstva in smrti umetnika
1883 – 1960
Naslikano
1938
Material
Oil On Canvas
Prvotna velikost
51 x 40 cm
Gibanje
Post-Impressionism Artists who kept the bright colour of Impressionism but pushed shape and feeling further than the eye really sees.
Na lokaciji
William Evans Bequest originaluniqueart.com/sl/museums/william-evans-bequest-bangor/
Artistic style
Primitivism
Influences
Augustus John, William Orpen
Notable elements or techniques
Expressive line work
Subject or theme
Portrait of a woman

V kontekstu

Mrs Kennedy — Henry Lamb

Dimenzije

Prvotne dimenzije so 51 × 40 cm (višina × širina), prikazane tukaj v primerjavi z odraslo osebo povprečne višine.

Kdaj je bilo to naslikano?

  1. 1880
  2. 1890
  3. 1900
  4. 1910
  5. 1920
  6. 1930
  7. 1940
  8. 1950
  9. 1960

Zgornja vrstica: leta. Spodnja vrstica: starost umetnika na začetku in koncu vsakega obdobja — 0 ob rojstvu, 77 ob smrti.

Naslikano, ko je bil avtor star 55. Umetnik je živel 77. 40 od 110 datiranih del tega umetnika v našem katalogu je nastalo prej.

Osenčeno: življenjsko obdobje Henry Lamb (1883–1960) ▲ to delo, 1938 vsaka datirana slika, desetletje za desetletjem

Prva dela: do 1930 Glavni delovni leti: 1930–1942 Pozna dela: od 1942

Ti trije pasovi razdelijo dela v tem katalogu na prvo četrtino, srednjo polovico in zadnjo četrtino. Niso popolna celotina umetnikovega dela: tanjka obdobja je lahko praznina v arhivu, ne le obdobje manj intenzivnega ustvarjanja. Iste leta, v katerih se odtisa življenje umetnika

Primerjajte z

Izberite eno od zgoraj navedenih del: navedite dve stvari, ki sta si z njim skupni, in eno stvar, ki je drugačna.

Več del, ki bi jih postavili ob to: originaluniqueart.com/sl/art/similar/henry-lamb-mrs-kennedy-AQRPE4-en/

Barve

Izmerjeno na podlagi slike

    Glavna barva

    Rosy Brown #d6a172

    Shranjena paleta

    • #D6A172
    • #776564
    • #4F5357
    • #4B6873

    Te barve v celotni umetnikovi paleti Poiščite druge slike po barvi

    Paleta barv
    Earthy Prevladujoča barvna družina na sliki.
    Naziv primarne barve
    Rosy Brown
    Intenzivnost
    Balanced Stopnja zasičenosti in raznolikost barv, od enotnega, zamegljenega odtisa do številnih živahnih barv.
    Kontrast
    Serene V kolikšni meri se barve po svetlini in zasičenosti razlikujejo skozi celotno sliko.
    Harmonija
    Discordant Palette Stopnja harmonije barv, od kontrastnih do popolnoma ujednotenih.
    Zasvetlina
    Balanced Razmera svetloosti in temnine slike v celoti, od globokih senc do svetlih visokih svetlob.
    Zasičenost
    Subtle Color Kolikograščena in močna so barve, od skoraj sivih do popolnoma živahnih.

    Kje po svetu se gleda ta slika?

    • pod 1%
    • 1–3%
    • 3–8%
    • 8–20%
    • 20% in več
    Ta slika sama po sebi nima dovolj zabeleženih obiskovalcev za izdelavo zemljevida, zato plošča prikazuje vsako del avtorja Henry Lamb v zadnjih dvanajst mesecih — skupaj 3 držav. Od kod ti podatki prihajajo

    Deset vodilnih držav

    1. 1 Kitajska 91,4%
    2. 2 Združeno kraljestvo 5,7%
    3. 3 Kanada 2,9%

    Na zemljevidu poiščite tri najtemnejše države. Ali se muzej, ki čuva to sliko, nahaja v kateri od njih? Zapišite en razlog, zakaj bi jo lahko gledali ljudje z daljave.

    20 najbolj gledanih del umetnika Henry Lamb

    1. 1 Kenneth Norman Bell (1884–1951), Scholar (1903), Fellow and Tutor in Modern History (1919–1941), Founding Secretary of the Balliol Society (1927–1950), 1934 4,7%
    2. 2 Group Portrait, 1936 4,7%
    3. 3 Lieutenant General Le Chevalier Van Strydonck de Burkel (1879–1961), 1945 4,7%
    4. 4 Henry Lamb, 1950 4,7%
    5. 5 Mrs Kennedy, 1938 ta slika 4,7%
    6. 6 Track Repairs by Canadian Troops, 1941 4,7%
    7. 7 Major General Robert Frederick Edward Whittaker (1894–1967), CB, OBE, TD, Anti Aircraft Command, 1942 4,7%
    8. 8 Death of a Peasant, 1911 4,7%
    9. 9 Henrietta Reading, 1949 2,3%
    10. 10 George Lawrence Kennedy (1882–1954), Commoner (1901), Designed and Built Holywell Manor (1931–1932), 1913 2,3%
    11. 11 Lady Pansey Lamb, née Pakenham (1904–1999), Interior Designer, 1932 2,3%
    12. 12 Sir Michael Ernest Sadler (1861–1943), KCSI, CB, LLD, DLitt, Vice Chancellor of the University of Leeds (1911–1923), 1924 2,3%
    13. 13 Village in Burgundy, 1927 2,3%
    14. 14 Robert Ranulph Marett (1866–1943), 1935 2,3%
    15. 15 Joan Pernel Strachey, Principal (1923–1941), 1926 2,3%
    16. 16 The River Ebble, Wiltshire, 1937 2,3%
    17. 17 Bombardier Olg, Canadian Forces, 1942 2,3%
    18. 18 Pay Week at the Clothing Store, 1940 2,3%
    19. 19 Henry Lamb, 1914 2,3%
    20. 20 Manon, 1946 2,3%

    Skupaj ti deli predstavljajo 65,2% vse pozornosti, ki so platna te umetnice dobila v zadnjih dvanajst mesecih. Katalog vsebuje 125 del te umetnice, pri čemer je bilo 35 vsaj enkrat ogledanih. Ta slika zaseda 5 mesto med njimi, s 4,7% takšne pozornosti. Isto velja tudi za vsak posamezen mesec

    Stolpci merijo pozornost, ne kakovost. Izberite del na vrhu in to: navedite eno stvar, ki bi lahko naredila sliko znano, oltre tem, kako je dobro naslikana.

    O tem umetniškem delu

    Mrs Kennedy — Henry Lamb

    A Glimpse into Grace: Henry Lamb's Portrait of Mrs. Kennedy

    Henry Lamb’s “Mrs. Kennedy,” painted in 1938, is more than just a portrait; it’s a window into an era defined by elegance and impending change. The painting captures a woman—widely believed to be Jacqueline Bouvier before her marriage to John F. Kennedy—with a quiet dignity that transcends the canvas. Lamb, an artist known for his ability to imbue his subjects with psychological depth, presents us not merely with a likeness but with a sense of inner contemplation. The subject’s gaze, direct and unwavering, draws the viewer into a silent dialogue, inviting speculation about her thoughts and aspirations. Her long hair cascades around her shoulders, framing a face marked by intelligence and a subtle melancholy. A striking red necklace provides a vibrant focal point against the muted tones of her dress and the cool blue backdrop, hinting at a spirited personality beneath a veneer of composure.

    The Artist's Hand: Style and Technique

    Lamb’s artistic style in “Mrs. Kennedy” is rooted in Post-Impressionism, yet infused with a distinctly modern sensibility. He eschews rigid realism for an expressive use of line and form, creating a sense of movement and vitality within the portrait. Notice how Lamb's brushstrokes are visible, lending texture and depth to the painting’s surface. This technique, characteristic of his work, allows light to play across the canvas, enhancing the subject’s presence. The blue wall behind her isn’t merely a backdrop; it’s rendered with subtle gradations of tone that create a sense of spatial recession, drawing the eye towards Mrs. Kennedy and emphasizing her importance within the composition. Lamb's training under Augustus John is evident in his confident handling of line and his ability to capture not just physical features but also the essence of his subject's character. He was known for his dynamic and expressive use of line, a skill honed through years of study and practice.

    A Moment in Time: Historical Context

    Painted on the cusp of World War II, “Mrs. Kennedy” reflects an atmosphere of both refinement and uncertainty. The 1930s were a period of economic hardship and political tension in Europe, yet amidst this turmoil, there remained a dedication to beauty and artistic expression. Lamb’s portrait embodies this duality—a celebration of individual grace set against the backdrop of a world on the brink of upheaval. It's fascinating to consider that this image was created just years before Jacqueline Bouvier would become one of the most iconic First Ladies in American history, forever shaping perceptions of style and sophistication. The painting serves as a poignant reminder of a time when elegance and poise were highly valued, even as shadows loomed on the horizon.

    Symbolism and Emotional Resonance

    Beyond its aesthetic qualities, “Mrs. Kennedy” resonates with deeper symbolic meaning. The red necklace, a bold splash of color in an otherwise restrained palette, could be interpreted as representing passion or vitality—a spark of individuality within a structured world. The woman’s serious expression suggests a quiet strength and determination, hinting at the resilience she would later demonstrate during times of national crisis. Lamb's ability to capture this subtle emotional complexity is what elevates the portrait from a mere likeness to a profound exploration of character. The painting evokes a sense of nostalgia for a bygone era—a time when formality and grace were cherished virtues. It’s an image that invites contemplation, prompting viewers to reflect on themes of beauty, resilience, and the enduring power of the human spirit.

    Umetnik in muzej

    Umetnik

    Henry Lamb

    Rojen v Adelaide, Avstralija

    Življenje na Prepihu Kontinentov in Časov

    Henry Lamb, rojen leta 1883 v Adelaideu, Avstraliji, je bil umetnik, katerega življenje se je odvijalo kot fascinantno križišče kultur in zgodovinskih pretresov. Sin Sir Horaca Lamba, priznanega matematika, so bila njegova mladost prežeta z intelektualno stimulacijo. Vendar pa se je njegova pot oddaljila od čiste akademije, ko se je družina leta 1885 preselila v Manchester, Anglijo – selitev, ki se je izkazala za ključno, saj ga je izpostavila razcvetajočemu umetniškemu prizorišču, ki bi ga končno osvojilo. Sprva je študiral medicino na Univerzi v Manchestru in bolnišnici Guy's Hospital, a se je vse bolj privlačil svetu umetnosti, neustavljivmu impulzu, ki mu ni mogel več oditi. Leta 1906 je dokončno opustil medicino in se vpisal na Chelsea School of Art pod mentorstvom Augusta Johna in Williama Orpena – odločitev, ki bi definirala njegovo ustvarjalno usodo. Nadaljnji študij na Académie de la Palette v Parizu je še izpilil njegove spretnosti, ga potopil v avantgardne tokove evropske umetnosti zgodnjega 20. stoletja in ga seznanil z vplivnimi osebnostmi, kot sta Jean Metzinger in Henri Le Fauconnier.

    Formativni Vplivi in Umetniški Preporod

    Vpliv Augusta Johna na Lambov umetniški razvoj je bil globok. Johnova poudarjanje risanja iz narave, neposredno izročilo tradicije Slade School, je v Lamba vzbudilo zavezanost opazovanju in ekspresivnemu črtanju. Ta temelj je postal osrednji del njegovega edinstvenega sloga – sloga, ki je dajal prednost ujemanju bistva subjekta namesto le fotografske reprodukcije. Lambove zgodnje dni so bili tudi tesno povezani z boemskimi krogi Londona, kjer se je srečal in spoprijateljil s pomembnimi osebnostmi, kot je Lytton Strachey, katerega prodoren portret bi postal eno od Lambovih najbolj priznanih del. Njegov odnos z Nino Forrest, ljubeče znano kot “Eufemija”, se je izkazal za prav tako pomembnega; postala je njegova muza, model in stalni vir navdiha – figura, ki je utelešala duh umetniške svobode in nekonvencionalne lepote, ki je prežela to dobo. Lambova vključenost v Camden Town Group leta 1911 in pozneje London Group leta 1913 je utrdila njegov položaj znotraj progresivne umetniške gibanja, ki je izzivalo konvencionalne umetniške norme. Te skupine so zagotovile platformo za eksperimentiranje in spodbudile duh sodelovanja, ki je oblikoval Lambovo razvijajočo se estetiko in ga potisnil k raziskovanju novih oblik ekspresije in izzivanju uveljavljenih konvencij.

    Vojna, Priča in Spomin

    Izbruh prve svetovne vojne je dramatično spremenil potek Lambovega življenja. Po vrnitvi k medicinski študiji je služil kot vodni zdravnik bataljona 5. bataljona Royal Inniskilling Fusiliers, kjer je iz prve roke pričaral grozote konflikta. Odlikovan z vojno medaljo za svojo pogumnost je bil imenovan tudi za uradnega vojnega umetnika, katerega naloga je bila dokumentirati resničnost vojne. Ta dvojna vloga – zdravilec in opazovalec – je globoko vplivala na njegov umetniški vid. Njegove vojne slike, kot je “Irski vojaki v Judejskih gričih presenečeni s turškim bombardiranjem”, niso le upodobitve bitke, temveč ganljivi odsevi psihološke cene vojne, ki ujamejo trenutke ranljivosti in nepričakovanega lepota med kaosom. Ta dela stojijo kot močni dokazi o človeških stroških konflikta in ostajajo pomembni zgodovinski dokumenti – oster opomin na brutalnost in nesmiselnost vojne. Izkušnja je v njegovo delo vnesla novo globino in čustveno resonanco, za vedno oblikovala njegov umetniški pogled.

    Zapuščina Portretiranja in Širje

    Čeprav so Lambove izkušnje med vojno pustile neizbrisen pečat na njegovem delu, je najbolj znan po svojih sugestivnih portretih. Imel je izjemno sposobnost ujeti ne le fizično podobnost, temveč tudi notranji značaj svojih subjektov – njihove misli, čustva, njihove duše. Njegov portret Lyttona Stracheya, s svojim prodornim pogledom in psihološko globino, ostaja mojstrovina britanskega portreta 20. stoletja. Čez celotno kariero je Lamb nadaljeval z risanjem portretov, razširil svojo prakso na visoko rangirane vojne poveljnike med drugo svetovno vojno. Njegova poznejša leta so ga pripeljala do imenovanja za zaupnika Nacionalne galerije portretov in Tate Gallery, kar dokazuje njegov spoštovani položaj v umetniškem svetu. Izvoljen za sodelavca Royal Academy leta 1940 in polnopravnega člana leta 1949 je Lamb nadaljeval z risanjem do artritisa, ki mu je omejil sposobnost dela. Umrl je leta 1960 in pustil bogato umetniško zapuščino, ki še danes odmeva pri občinstvu. Njegov prispevek ne le v njegovi tehnični spretnosti, temveč tudi v njegovi globoki občutljivosti do človeškega stanja in sposobnosti prenesti kompleksna čustva na platno. Lambova umetnost služi kot prepričljiv opomin na moč opazovanja, sočutja in trajne pomembnosti portretiranja.

    Ključne Značilnosti & Umetniški Slog

    Ekspresivno Črtanje: Močno vplivano s strani Augusta Johna, je Lambovo delo za značilno dinamična in ekspresivna uporaba črte, ki ustvarja občutek gibanja in energije.

    Psihološka Globina: Njegovi portreti so znani po sposobnosti ujeti notranje življenje svojih subjektov, razkrivajo njihove osebnosti in čustva z izjemno občutljivostjo.

    Vplivi Post-Impresionizma: Čeprav ukoreninjeno v tradicionalnih tehnikah, Lambovo delo kaže tudi elemente post-impresionizma, še posebej v njegovi uporabi barve in oblike.

    Vojna Umetnost kot Pričevanje: Njegove vojne slike niso preprosto upodobitve konflikta, temveč močne izjave o človeških stroških vojne, prežete z občutkom sočutja in realizma.

    Boemski Duh: Lambova povezanost s Camden Town Group in njegovo osebno življenje odražajo boemskega duha – zavrnitev konvencionalnih norm in sprejemanje umetniške svobode.

    Muzej

    William Evans Bequest

    Na razstavi v Bangor, United Kingdom

    A Quiet Resonance: Unveiling the William Evans Bequest at Bangor University

    Nestled within the venerable halls of Bangor University in Wales, lies a treasure often overlooked by the wider art world – the William Evans Bequest. Established in 1938 as a deeply personal tribute from Charles Evans to his father, William Evans, this collection isn’t merely a display of paintings; it's a tangible embodiment of familial devotion and a testament to the enduring power of artistic legacy. More than just a museum, it’s an intimate portal into the heart of 19th and early 20th-century British art, offering a unique perspective rarely found in larger, more formal institutions.

    The collection itself comprises twelve carefully selected works, each radiating a quiet intensity that invites prolonged contemplation. These aren't grand, bombastic canvases designed to overwhelm; rather, they possess a subtle grace and an understated power, revealing the artistic currents of their time with remarkable clarity. A deep dive into the bequest’s origins reveals a roster of talented artists – names like Edward Alexander Wadsworth, celebrated for his modernist interpretations of landscape, particularly his dynamic depiction of Sussex Bypass with its striking lines and industrial motifs, and Winifred Nicholson, whose luminous still lifes and evocative portrayals of the English countryside continue to captivate. Beyond these familiar figures, you’ll discover works by Henry Lamb, John Arthur Malcolm Aldridge, Frances Hodgkins, Elliott Seabrooke, Ronald Ossory Dunlop, and William Pitman – each contributing a distinct voice to the collection's harmonious dialogue. The diversity of styles—from the pastoral beauty of landscapes to more abstract explorations—reflects the evolving artistic landscape of Britain during this period.

    The Setting: Academia as Sanctuary

    What truly elevates the William Evans Bequest is its unique integration within Bangor University’s environment. While precise architectural details remain somewhat elusive, it's understood that the space has been thoughtfully designed to complement and enhance the artworks themselves. The intention is clear: to create a serene and contemplative atmosphere—a true sanctuary for art appreciation. The university’s picturesque setting – rolling hills, historic buildings, and a palpable sense of scholarly tradition – undoubtedly adds to the overall viewing experience, creating an environment that feels both intellectually stimulating and emotionally resonant. This isn't simply a museum housed within a university; it’s a symbiotic relationship—the collection informing the academic pursuits and vice versa.

    A Legacy in Use: Education and Engagement

    The William Evans Bequest is not preserved as a static relic of the past, but actively used as an educational resource. Its ongoing connection with Bangor University guarantees continued programs and public engagement, ensuring its relevance for future generations. The collection frequently features within university curricula, providing students with invaluable opportunities to study British art history firsthand. Research projects utilize the works, breathing new life into their interpretation and fostering a deeper understanding of their cultural significance. This commitment to active engagement distinguishes it from collections relegated solely to display; here, art is not just observed but actively studied, debated, and ultimately, understood.

    Notable Works & Artistic Voices

    Among the collection’s highlights are works such as William Pitman's evocative depictions of coastal scenes and woodland vistas – a masterful representation of British landscape painting. Edward Alexander Wadsworth’s Sussex Bypass stands out for its bold modernist approach, capturing the industrial spirit of the era with striking lines and compositions. Winifred Nicholson’s luminous still lifes offer a glimpse into her mastery of light and color, while John Arthur Malcolm Aldridge's Great Bardfield provides a charming portrayal of rural life. Further exploration reveals works by Frances Hodgkins, Elliott Seabrooke, Ronald Ossory Dunlop, and others, each contributing to the collection’s rich tapestry of artistic voices.

    A Unique Discovery: Exploring British Art Beyond the Mainstream

    The William Evans Bequest offers a rare opportunity for art lovers seeking something beyond the well-trodden paths. It's an exclusive collection, rarely featured in mainstream art guides, providing a sense of discovery and intimacy that is increasingly uncommon. The personal heritage—the story of Charles Evans honoring his father through this generous gift—adds a layer of emotional resonance that elevates the experience. For interior designers seeking inspiration or collectors looking to understand the nuances of British painting, the William Evans Bequest presents a compelling glimpse into a world of understated elegance and enduring artistic vision – a reminder that beauty can be found in quiet corners, nurtured by passion, and shared with those who seek it.

    Preberite več

    Preverite na spletu

    QR koda za dostop do strani za prenos Mrs Kennedy

    originaluniqueart.com/sl/art/download/henry-lamb-mrs-kennedy-AQRPE4-en/

    Navodila za citiranje umetniškega dela

    MLA
    Lamb, Henry. Mrs Kennedy. 1938, William Evans Bequest. https://originaluniqueart.com/sl/art/henry-lamb-mrs-kennedy-AQRPE4-en/
    APA
    Lamb, Henry (1938). Mrs Kennedy [Painting]. William Evans Bequest. https://originaluniqueart.com/sl/art/henry-lamb-mrs-kennedy-AQRPE4-en/
    Chicago
    Henry Lamb. Mrs Kennedy. 1938. William Evans Bequest. https://originaluniqueart.com/sl/art/henry-lamb-mrs-kennedy-AQRPE4-en/
    Harvard
    Lamb, Henry (1938) Mrs Kennedy. William Evans Bequest. Available at: https://originaluniqueart.com/sl/art/henry-lamb-mrs-kennedy-AQRPE4-en/

    Poglejte bližje

    Mrs Kennedy — Henry Lamb

    Poglejte rafinirano

    Odgovorite z lastnimi besedami. Tukaj ni napačnih odgovorov — so le odgovori, ki jih lahko razložite.

    1. Kaj vas najprej pritegne in zakaj?
    2. Katere barve ali oblike ustvarjajo vzdušje — in kakšno je to vzdušje?
    3. Naš katalog to delo uvršča pod: portrait, woman, necklace. Se strinjate? Bi kaj dodali ali odvzeli?
    4. Oglejte si Manon (1946), ki ste ga že videli v prejšnjih delih tega priročnika. Navedite dve stvari, ki jih deli z tem delom, in eno, ki ga loči od njega.
    5. Post-Impressionism: Artists who kept the bright colour of Impressionism but pushed shape and feeling further than the eye really sees. Kje lahko to opazite v tem delu?

    Vaš odgovor

    Zapišite kratek odstavek o tem umetniškem delu. Uporabite dejstva iz prejšnjih delov tega priročnika in svoje odgovore zgoraj.

    Umetniški kviz

    Mrs Kennedy — Henry Lamb

    Kako dobro poznate to umetniško delo?

    Za vsako od spodnjih 5 vprašanj izberite en odgovor. Vsako vprašanje ima natanko en pravilni odgovor.

    1. 1. What is the approximate size of the painting "Mrs Kennedy"?

      • A 40 x 30 cm
      • B 51 x 40 cm
      • C 60 x 50 cm
    2. 2. In what year was the portrait of "Mrs Kennedy" painted?

      • A 1948
      • B 1938
      • C 1952
    3. 3. What is a prominent feature in the background of the painting?

      • A A lush garden
      • B A blue wall
      • C A cityscape
    4. 4. Which artistic movement is Henry Lamb's work often associated with, particularly evident in his expressive use of line and psychological depth?

      • A Impressionism
      • B Post-Impressionism
      • C Cubism
    5. 5. What is a notable aspect of Henry Lamb's artistic career, beyond portraiture?

      • A Sculpture
      • B War art
      • C Abstract painting

    Moj rezultat: ____ od 5

    Ključ odgovorov za učitelje

    To se začne na novi tiskani strani, zato lahko te strani pri kopiranju preprosto izpustite.

    1B · 2B · 3B · 4B · 5B

    Preverite vsak odgovor v primerjavi z zapisom v katalogu za to sliko

    Vprašanja in odgovori

    Kakšno vzdušje ima "Mrs Kennedy"?

    Splošni vzdug umetninine "Mrs Kennedy" avtorja Henry Lamb je Elegant. Ta vzdug opisuje splošno atmosfero dela.

    Kakšna je oblika in kakšne so dimenzije dela "Mrs Kennedy" avtorja Henry Lamb?

    Format dela "Mrs Kennedy" je Portrait, izvirna velikost pa znaša 51 x 40 cm. Oba podatka sta koristna pri načrtovanju reprodukcije.

    Hvilušna barvna tonina, kateri se nagiba "Mrs Kennedy"?

    Warm Sunset Tones odtenek prežema celotno skladbo "Mrs Kennedy" avtorja Henry Lamb.