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A Dog

Henry Raeburn

Naam Klas Datum
Henry Raeburn, A Dog, Scottish National Gallery. Publiek domein Bekijk dit doek onder bewegend licht: de tekening, de ware kleur onder de vernis, het pure pigment

De feiten

Kunstenaar
Henry Raeburn originaluniqueart.com/nl/artists/henry-raeburn_nl/
Geboortedatum en -overlijden kunstenaar
1756 – 1823
Techniek
Oil On Canvas
Beweging
Romanticism Art that puts feeling, wildness and the power of nature above calm order and rules.
Gehouden in
Scottish National Gallery originaluniqueart.com/nl/museums/scottish-national-gallery-edinburgh_nl/
Artistic style
Realism, Portraiture
Influences
18th/19th-century painting
Notable elements
Impasto, chiaroscuro
Subject or theme
Domestic dog portrait

Copyright Dit werk bevindt zich in het publiek domein. Henry Raeburn overleed in 1823; het auteursrecht blijft 70 jaar na de dood van de kunstenaar van kracht, waardoor dit in 1893 is verlopen.

Bron: OriginalUniqueArt.com — geraadpleegd op 26 september 2026

A Dog — Henry Raeburn Deel 1 · Het kunstwerk

In context

A Dog — Henry Raeburn

Wanneer zou dit geschilderd kunnen zijn?

  1. 1750
  2. 1760
  3. 1770
  4. 1780
  5. 1790
  6. 1800
  7. 1810
  8. 1820

Bovenste rij: de jaren. Onderste rij: de leeftijd van de kunstenaar aan het begin en het einde van elke periode — 0 bij de geboorte, 67 bij het overlijden.

Shaded: het leven van Henry Raeburn (1756–1823) elk gedateerd schilderij, decennium voor decennium

Eerste werken: tot 1795 Belangrijkste werkjaren: 1795–1812 Late werken: vanaf 1812

Deze drie periodes verdelen de werken in deze catalogus in een eerste kwart, een middelste helft en een laatste kwart. Ze vormen niet het volledige oeuvre van de kunstenaar: een dunne periode kan duiden op een hiaat in de verslaglegging in plaats van op een rustige fase. Dezelfde jaren, waarin het leven van de kunstenaar is verweven

Voor deze opname is geen exacte datum bekend — uitgaande van de levensloop van de artiest en de stijl van het werk, in welk decennium zou u dit plaatsen?

Vergelijkbare werken

Kies een van de bovenstaande werken: noem twee overeenkomsten met dit werk en één verschil.

Meer werken om naast dit werk te plaatsen: originaluniqueart.com/nl/art/similar/henry-raeburn-a-dog-AQTPU2-en/

Kleurenpalet

Gemeten op basis van de afbeelding

    Hoofdkleur

    Walnut #643b13

    Gecatalogiseerd palet

    • #643B13
    • #24150D
    • #402411
    • #AC7326

    Deze kleuren binnen het volledige palet van de kunstenaar Vind andere schilderijen op kleur

    Palet
    Earthy De dominante kleurfamilie in de afbeelding.
    Naam hoofdkleur
    Walnut
    Intensiteit
    Monochromatic De mate van verzadiging en variatie in de kleuren, variërend van een enkele ingetogen tint tot vele heldere kleuren.
    Contrast
    Serene De mate waarin de kleuren in helderheid en verzadiging variëren over het gehele kunstwerk.
    Harmonie
    Unified Palette De mate waarin de kleuren samensmelten, van contrasterend tot volledig harmonieus.
    Helderheid
    Deep_shadow Hoe licht of donker het beeld in zijn geheel oogt, van diepe schaduw tot helder hoogtepunt.
    Verzadiging
    Balanced Soft Hoe puur en krachtig de kleuren zijn, van bijna grijs tot volledig levendig.

    Waar ter wereld wordt naar dit schilderij gekeken?

    • minder dan 1%
    • 1–3%
    • 3–8%
    • 8–20%
    • 20% en meer
    Dit schilderij alleen heeft te weinig geregistreerde bezoekers om in kaart te brengen, dus de plaat toont elk werk van Henry Raeburn over de afgelopen twaalf maanden — in totaal 9 landen. Waar deze cijfers vandaan komen

    De tien belangrijkste landen

    1. 1 China 86,2%
    2. 2 Verenigde Staten van Amerika 4,5%
    3. 3 Hongkong 3,1%
    4. 4 Singapore 2,2%
    5. 5 Verenigd Koninkrijk 1,8%
    6. 6 Portugal 0,9%
    7. 7 Canada 0,4%
    8. 8 Frankrijk 0,4%
    9. 9 Japan 0,4%

    Zoek de drie donkerste landen op de kaart. Bevindt het museum waar dit schilderij wordt bewaard zich in een van deze landen? Noteer één reden waarom mensen van ver zouden kunnen komen om het te bekijken.

    De 20 meest bekeken werken van Henry Raeburn

    1. 1 Young Girl Holding Flowers, 1798 4,6%
    2. 2 Charles Mackenzie Fraser, MP 2,9%
    3. 3 Portrait of Sir John Sinclair, 1794 2,1%
    4. 4 John Playfair 2,1%
    5. 5 James Duff, 4th Earl of Fife, 1815 2,1%
    6. 6 Daniel Stewart (1741–1814), 1812 1,7%
    7. 7 Miss Eleanor Urquhart, 1795 1,7%
    8. 8 John Balmanno, MD, President, FPSG (1800–1802, 1806–1808, 1818–1820 1826–1828), 1820 1,7%
    9. 9 Dr Alexander Lindsay of Pinkieburn 1,7%
    10. 10 Lady Dalrymple 1,7%
    11. 11 Portrait of Maurice Carmichael of Eastend, Lanarkshire 1,7%
    12. 12 Lieut-Colonel Bryce McMurdo, 1800 1,7%
    13. 13 The Archers 1,7%
    14. 14 Mrs H.W. Lauzun, 1796 1,3%
    15. 15 John Smith of Craigend (1739–1816), 1790 1,3%
    16. 16 Portrait of Mrs. Robert Scott Moncrieff, 1814 1,3%
    17. 17 Professor Andrew Dalzel (1742–1806), Classical Scholar, 1798 1,3%
    18. 18 Mrs. Anne Hart, 1810 1,3%
    19. 19 Portrait of Katherine Hamilton, Lady Suttie of Balgone (d. 1817), 1795 1,3%
    20. 104 A Dog dit schilderij 0,4%

    Samen maken deze werken 35,6% uit van alle aandacht die de schilderijen van deze kunstenaar in de afgelopen twaalf maanden hebben gekregen. De catalogus bevat 286 werken van deze kunstenaar, waarvan 127 minstens één keer zijn bekeken. Dit schilderij staat op de 104 plaats, met 0,4% van die aandacht. Hetzelfde geldt voor elke maand

    Staven meten aandacht, niet kwaliteit. Kies het werk bovenaan en dit werk: noem één ding dat een schilderij beroemd zou kunnen maken, los van hoe goed het geschilderd is.

    Bron: OriginalUniqueArt.com — geraadpleegd op 26 september 2026

    A Dog — Henry Raeburn Deel 2 · In context

    Over dit kunstwerk

    A Dog — Henry Raeburn

    A Portrait of Quietude: Henry Raeburn’s “A Dog”

    Henry Raeburn's "A Dog," painted circa 1795, is more than just a depiction of an animal; it’s a profound meditation on companionship, domesticity, and the burgeoning Romantic sensibility taking hold in late 18th-century Britain. This seemingly simple portrait, rendered in oil on canvas with a masterful command of light and shadow, reveals layers of observation and emotional depth that continue to resonate with viewers today. Initially conceived as a miniature for a discerning patron, its subsequent enlargement into a full-length painting cemented Raeburn’s reputation as a leading figure in British art, marking a significant shift away from the rigid formality of earlier portraiture.

    The subject itself—a Spaniel or similar breed, judging by its characteristic floppy ears and gentle expression—is presented with an almost startling intimacy. The dog is captured not as a symbol of status or wealth, but as a creature of quiet dignity and inherent goodness. Raeburn’s skill lies in his ability to convey this essence through subtle details: the slight furrow of the brow suggesting thoughtful contemplation, the relaxed posture hinting at contentment, and the soft, diffused light bathing the animal's form. The composition is deliberately uncluttered, focusing entirely on the dog within a dark, undefined space—a deliberate choice that amplifies the subject’s presence and draws attention to its inherent qualities.

    Technique and Artistic Influence

    Raeburn’s technique is characterized by a remarkable blend of precision and spontaneity. The brushstrokes are loose and expressive, creating a palpable sense of texture—particularly evident in the rendering of the dog's fur, which appears almost tactile. This impasto-like quality, achieved through layers of thick paint applied with visible strokes, contributes significantly to the painting’s emotional impact. The use of chiaroscuro – the dramatic contrast between light and dark – is particularly noteworthy, sculpting the dog’s form and imbuing it with a sense of three-dimensionality. Raeburn was deeply influenced by the Italian masters, notably Caravaggio and Rembrandt, whose techniques he skillfully adapted to his own style. The strong directional lighting, reminiscent of Rembrandt's dramatic use of light, creates a powerful focal point and emphasizes the dog’s form against the dark background.

    Symbolism and the Romantic Era

    "A Dog" is imbued with symbolic meaning that reflects the prevailing values of the Romantic era. Dogs have long been associated with loyalty, fidelity, and companionship—qualities highly valued during a period marked by social upheaval and a renewed interest in nature and emotion. The dog’s relaxed posture can be interpreted as an embodiment of peacefulness and contentment, offering a respite from the anxieties of the time. Furthermore, the painting's focus on the domestic sphere aligns with the Romantic movement’s celebration of everyday life and its rejection of aristocratic grandeur. The absence of extraneous details—no elaborate background or ornate accessories—underscores the painting’s emphasis on the simple beauty and inherent worth of the subject.

    A Legacy of Realism

    “A Dog” stands as a pivotal work in Raeburn's oeuvre, demonstrating his mastery of portraiture and his ability to capture not just likeness but also character. It represents a departure from the formal conventions of earlier portraiture, embracing a more intimate and emotionally resonant approach. The painting’s enduring appeal lies in its quiet dignity, its masterful technique, and its profound exploration of human-animal connection. Today, reproductions of this iconic work continue to captivate audiences, offering a glimpse into the artistic sensibilities of a bygone era and reminding us of the timeless beauty found in the simplest of subjects.

    Bron: OriginalUniqueArt.com — geraadpleegd op 26 september 2026

    A Dog — Henry Raeburn Deel 3 · Over dit kunstwerk

    Kunstenaar en museum

    Kunstenaar

    Henry Raeburn

    Geboren in Stockbridge, Verenigd Koninkrijk

    A Scottish Master of Realism: The Life and Art of Sir Henry Raeburn

    Sir Henry Raeburn, a name synonymous with the vibrant spirit of 18th-century Scotland, was more than just a painter; he was a cultural icon. Born in Stockbridge, near Edinburgh, in 1756, his journey from an orphaned boy to one of Britain’s most celebrated portraitists is a testament to artistic talent, relentless dedication, and a profound connection to his homeland. His life unfolded against the backdrop of the Scottish Enlightenment, a period of intellectual and cultural flourishing that profoundly shaped his art and worldview.

    Early Years and Artistic Beginnings

    Raeburn's early life was marked by hardship and resilience. Orphaned at the tender age of six, he found solace and guidance in the care of his elder brother, William, who secured him a place at Heriot’s Hospital in Edinburgh – an institution renowned for its classical education. While initially destined for a career as an engraver, Raeburn's innate artistic inclinations soon led him down a different path. He began to hone his skills by apprenticing himself to James Gilliland, a goldsmith and craftsman known for his intricate miniature portraits. This early experience instilled in him a meticulous attention to detail and a deep appreciation for the subtleties of form and texture – qualities that would become hallmarks of his later work. It was during this period that Raeburn’s talent for capturing likenesses with remarkable accuracy began to emerge, laying the foundation for his future success as a portrait painter.

    From Miniature Precision to Grand Portraiture

    Raeburn's artistic evolution wasn’t linear; it was a process of constant refinement and experimentation. Initially focused on miniature portraits – delicate works executed on ivory – he gradually expanded his scale, embracing the challenge of larger-scale oil paintings. This transition was fueled by a desire to capture not just physical resemblance but also the inner character and personality of his subjects. He sought to portray individuals with honesty and immediacy, eschewing the idealized representations that were common in many contemporary portraits. A pivotal moment in his career came with his marriage to Ann Edgar in 1778. This union provided him with financial stability, allowing him to dedicate himself fully to painting without the constraints of commercial obligations. He immersed himself in studying the works of masters like Joshua Reynolds, whom he met during a brief sojourn in London en route to Italy – though the Italian journey itself was ultimately cut short. Raeburn’s style began to coalesce around a powerful realism, characterized by dramatic lighting and an ability to capture not just physical resemblance but also the inner character of his sitters.

    Capturing Character: Raeburn's Artistic Signature

    Raeburn’s portraits are not merely representations of individuals; they are psychological studies rendered in oil paint. He possessed an extraordinary ability to convey the personality, status, and even the mood of his subjects. His technique was masterful – a combination of meticulous observation, confident brushwork, and a sophisticated understanding of light and shadow. The Young Polo Player, for example, is not simply a depiction of a sporting gentleman; it’s an energetic snapshot of youthful vitality and aristocratic leisure. Similarly, his portrait of Alexander Allan, a prominent figure in Scottish art, reveals a man of intellect and refinement. Raeburn's use of chiaroscuro – the dramatic contrast between light and dark – became a hallmark of his style, lending depth and intensity to his compositions. He often positioned his subjects against dark backgrounds, allowing their faces and figures to emerge with striking clarity. This technique not only enhanced the visual impact of his portraits but also served to focus attention on the individual’s character and presence.

    Recognition and Legacy: A Scottish Icon

    Throughout his career, Raeburn enjoyed considerable success and recognition. He became a leading member of Edinburgh society, attracting commissions from prominent families and individuals. In 1815, he was elected to the Royal Academy in London, solidifying his reputation on a national level. His appointment as Portrait Painter to King George IV in Scotland in 1822 – shortly before his death in 1823 – was the ultimate acknowledgment of his artistic achievements. Raeburn’s influence on Scottish art is immeasurable. He established a standard for portraiture that subsequent generations would strive to emulate, and his work continues to inspire artists today. His paintings are now held in prestigious collections around the world, including the Scottish National Gallery in Edinburgh and The Frick Collection in New York.

    His dedication to realism and psychological insight set him apart from many of his contemporaries.

    He helped establish a distinctly Scottish identity within British art.

    His masterful technique continues to be studied and admired by artists and scholars alike.

    Raeburn’s legacy extends beyond the canvas. He represents a triumph of self-education, perseverance, and artistic vision – a testament to the power of talent nurtured by unwavering dedication. He remains an integral part of Scotland's rich cultural heritage, a master portraitist whose works continue to captivate and inspire audiences centuries after their creation.

    Museum

    Scottish National Gallery

    Te zien in Edinburgh, Verenigd Koninkrijk

    A Window Into Scotland’s Soul: The Scottish National Gallery

    Nestled within the heart of Edinburgh, on the historic Mound overlooking the city, lies the Scottish National Gallery – more than just a repository of art, it's a profound reflection of Scotland’s identity, its artistic journey, and its enduring connection to Europe. Designed by the neoclassical master William Henry Playfair and inaugurated in 1859, this magnificent building itself is a testament to classical ideals, boasting imposing Corinthian columns, graceful symmetry, and an atmosphere of quiet reverence perfectly suited for the treasures within. The gallery’s core mission – to showcase Scotland's national collection of fine art spanning from the Renaissance through to the early 20th century – is ambitious yet remarkably realized, offering a panoramic view of artistic styles and techniques shaped by centuries of influence. The very stones of the building whisper tales of royal patronage, artistic rebellion, and a nation’s evolving self-awareness, making a visit here an immersive experience far beyond simply viewing paintings.

    The story of the Scottish National Gallery is inextricably linked with the rise of Scottish art patronage. Initially conceived as part of the Royal Institution for the Encouragement of the Fine Arts in Scotland, the collection began to take shape through carefully acquired works. However, a growing dissatisfaction amongst artists with the institution’s policies led to a pivotal moment in 1838: the formation of the Royal Scottish Academy (RSA). This breakaway group, driven by a fervent desire to establish a truly national art collection, secured its own building on The Mound in 1846 – a structure that would eventually become the foundation for the National Gallery. The RSA’s commitment to collecting and exhibiting art laid the groundwork for the gallery we know today, demonstrating a sustained dedication to fostering artistic excellence within Scotland. This dual heritage—the institutional beginnings alongside the passionate advocacy of artists—is palpable in the gallery's character.

    Architectural Grandeur: A Neoclassical Masterpiece

    Beyond its collection, the building itself is a work of art. William Henry Playfair’s design is a quintessential example of neoclassical architecture, reflecting the grandeur and order associated with ancient Greece and Rome. The façade is dominated by imposing Corinthian columns, meticulously sculpted reliefs depicting allegorical figures, and a sense of balanced proportion that speaks to the ideals of classical design. The interior spaces are equally impressive, featuring soaring ceilings, elegant galleries, and carefully considered lighting – all contributing to an atmosphere of reverence and contemplation for the artworks on display. The building’s very structure serves as a powerful reminder of Scotland's engagement with European artistic traditions, subtly echoing the architectural principles of Rome and Athens while firmly rooted in its Scottish context. Visitors can trace the influence of Roman temples and theatres through the gallery’s spatial arrangement, creating an experience that transcends mere visual appreciation. The deliberate use of light and shadow, a hallmark of neoclassical design, further enhances the sense of drama and solemnity within the galleries.

    Highlights of the Collection: A Journey Through Styles

    Within the gallery’s walls, visitors are treated to a remarkable array of artistic styles and movements. Early Renaissance masterpieces by Italian masters like Raphael and Titian stand alongside works by Scottish artists such as William Clerk Maxwell, whose vibrant landscapes capture the rugged beauty of the Highlands. The collection boasts significant holdings of 18th-century portraiture, offering intimate glimpses into the lives of Scotland’s elite. Notably, the gallery's Impressionist section features a stunning selection of works by Claude Monet and Edgar Degas, reflecting the growing influence of modern European art on Scottish artists. Don't miss the evocative landscapes of William Beattie Brown, capturing the dramatic beauty of the Scottish countryside – his depictions of Highland light are particularly renowned. The gallery also houses an impressive collection of Scottish Colourists, a movement that sought to capture the vibrant hues and emotional intensity of the Scottish landscape with bold, expressive brushstrokes. Particularly captivating is “Diana and Callisto” by Titian, showcasing masterful composition and luminous color palettes—a cornerstone of Renaissance art. Also noteworthy is "Job Confessing His Presumption To God Who Answers From The Whirlwind" by William Blake, a monumental engraving embodying Romantic idealism and symbolic storytelling.

    Beyond the Paintings: Exhibitions and Legacy

    The Scottish National Gallery’s legacy extends far beyond its permanent collection. Throughout its history, the gallery has hosted numerous groundbreaking exhibitions, showcasing both established masters and emerging talents. These events have consistently stimulated dialogue and deepened public engagement with art. Furthermore, the gallery is closely linked to the National Galleries of Scotland, which also encompasses the Scottish National Gallery of Modern Art and the Scottish National Portrait Gallery – a powerful network dedicated to preserving and promoting Scotland’s artistic heritage. Recent initiatives include immersive digital experiences that bring the collection to life for a new generation of visitors. The gallery continues to evolve, adapting to contemporary tastes while remaining true to its core mission: to celebrate the enduring power of art to inspire, educate, and connect us to our past. Consider “Cliffs at Pourville, Rain” by Claude Monet – an iconic Impressionist landscape that exemplifies the movement’s focus on capturing fleeting moments of light and atmosphere. Finally, explore the artistry of Jacopo Robusti (Tintoretto) with his dramatic compositions and masterful technique—a testament to Venetian artistic innovation.

    A Unique Artistic Destination

    Located in Edinburgh's historic city centre, the Scottish National Gallery offers more than just visual delight; it’s a journey through Scotland’s cultural history. Its serene setting on The Mound provides a tranquil space for contemplation alongside its impressive collection of art—a destination that resonates with visitors seeking inspiration and understanding. Explore the gallery’s ongoing exhibitions and educational programs to deepen your appreciation for Scottish artistic heritage and its global connections.

    Lees meer op

    Online beschikbaar

    QR-code die linkt naar de downloadpagina van A Dog

    originaluniqueart.com/nl/art/download/henry-raeburn-a-dog-AQTPU2-en/

    Bronvermelding voor dit kunstwerk

    MLA
    Raeburn, Henry. A Dog. n.d., Scottish National Gallery. https://originaluniqueart.com/nl/art/henry-raeburn-a-dog-AQTPU2-en/
    APA
    Raeburn, Henry (n.d.). A Dog [Painting]. Scottish National Gallery. https://originaluniqueart.com/nl/art/henry-raeburn-a-dog-AQTPU2-en/
    Chicago
    Henry Raeburn. A Dog. n.d. Scottish National Gallery. https://originaluniqueart.com/nl/art/henry-raeburn-a-dog-AQTPU2-en/
    Harvard
    Raeburn, Henry (n.d.) A Dog. Scottish National Gallery. Available at: https://originaluniqueart.com/nl/art/henry-raeburn-a-dog-AQTPU2-en/

    Bron: OriginalUniqueArt.com — geraadpleegd op 26 september 2026

    A Dog — Henry Raeburn Deel 4 · Kunstenaar en museum

    Bekijk het van dichtbij

    A Dog — Henry Raeburn

    Kijk eens goed

    Beantwoord de vragen in je eigen woorden. Er zijn hier geen foute antwoorden — alleen antwoorden die je kunt toelichten.

    1. Wat valt u als eerste op, en waarom?
    2. Welke kleuren of vormen bepalen de sfeer — en wat is die sfeer?
    3. In onze catalogus is dit werk geclassificeerd onder: dog, portrait, resting. Bent u het hiermee eens? Wat zou u toevoegen of weglaten?
    4. Kijk nog eens naar Young Girl Holding Flowers (1798), eerder in deze gids. Noem twee overeenkomsten met dit werk en één verschil.
    5. Romanticism: Art that puts feeling, wildness and the power of nature above calm order and rules. Waar is dat in dit werk te zien?

    Uw reactie

    Schrijf een korte paragraaf over dit kunstwerk aan de hand van de feiten uit de eerdere delen van deze gids en uw bovenstaande antwoorden.

    Bron: OriginalUniqueArt.com — geraadpleegd op 26 september 2026

    A Dog — Henry Raeburn Deel 5 · Bekijk het van dichtbij

    Kunstquiz

    A Dog — Henry Raeburn

    Hoe goed kent u dit kunstwerk?

    Selecteer één antwoord voor elk van de 5 onderstaande vragen. Elk heeft precies één juist antwoord.

    1. 1. What is the primary subject matter of Henry Raeburn’s ‘A Dog’?

      • A A landscape scene
      • B A portrait of a noblewoman
      • C A portrait of a dog

    2. 2. The painting 'A Dog' is characterized by which artistic style?

      • A Impressionism
      • B Romanticism
      • C Cubism

    3. 3. What technique is most evident in the depiction of the dog’s fur in ‘A Dog’?

      • A Thin, delicate lines
      • B Thick, impasto brushstrokes
      • C Smooth, blended colors

    4. 4. According to the description, what is the lighting like in ‘A Dog’?

      • A Diffuse and even
      • B Dramatic with strong contrasts
      • C Soft and pastel

    5. 5. Henry Raeburn was a significant figure in British art primarily known for his work in which field?

      • A Sculpture
      • B Portraiture
      • C Landscape painting

    Mijn score: ____ van de 5

    Antwoordsleutel — voor de docent

    Dit wordt op een nieuwe pagina afgedrukt, waardoor het eenvoudig uit de kopieën weggelaten kan worden.

    1C · 2B · 3B · 4B · 5B

    Controleer elk antwoord met de catalogusgegevens van dit schilderij

    Bron: OriginalUniqueArt.com — geraadpleegd op 26 september 2026

    A Dog — Henry Raeburn Deel 6 · Kunstquiz

    Vragen & Antwoorden

    Hoe sterk is het contrast in "A Dog" door Henry Raeburn?

    Het contrastniveau van "A Dog" door Henry Raeburn is Serene.

    Welke afmeting moet ik kiezen voor de print van "A Dog" in mijn kamer?

    Voor een Living Room is de aanbevolen afmeting voor de print van "A Dog" door Henry Raeburn Medium.

    Waar komen de bezoekers van "A Dog" door Henry Raeburn vandaan?

    Statistieken over "A Dog" door Henry Raeburn zijn te vinden op de Statistieken-pagina van het kunstwerk: maandelijkse weergaven van het kunstwerk, weergaven van de werken van de kunstenaar, en een uitsplitsing naar land en taal van recente bezoekers.